Holocaust Awareness...Contemporary Lessons Essay Example for Free

final solution Aw benessContemporary Lessons EssayFew tied(p)ts in recent chronicle have had as dramatic an imp figure out on history as the mass off of Jews in concentration camps during World War II, the Holocaust. The Holocaust appears to be a well enumerationed event (Hilberg, 1992), yet today there are those who feel it is just a myth. When he discovered the concentration camps, customary and future President Dwight David Eisenhower knew that a future day would come when tidy sum would claim that the Holocaust n of all time happened, so he took great pains to document and record the events on film so that the world would never forget. Even so, his efforts did not eliminate what he knew would happen. In spite of evidence to the contrary, today, there are m each who claim that the Holocaust did not occur and that there is no evidence that it did. Yet the evidence suggests that is did happen and similar events such as the murder of more than 2 million people by the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia plus mass murders ethnic intolerance in Iraq, the Sudan, Rwanda and Yugoslavia continue to take dumbfound even now. During the early hours of September 1, 1939, Adolph Hitler invaded Poland encountering about the Second World War.Historically, this war began because of Hitlers contempt regarding the way Ger homophiles were treated at the end of the initiative World War and other related issues. At the time World War II began, there was a world wide depression that helped bring Hitler rose to power in Germany and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to power in the U. S. It is generally viewed that Hitler used the issue of Judaic economic domination in Germany both to muscularity for war and as an excuse for the economic woes of Germany.(Bartov, 2000 Friedman, 1993). Ultimately, Hitler blamed the Jews for Germanys economic problems and to begin exterminating them in concentration campsmass genocide. (Gigliotti and Lang, 2005) on a scale that surpassed anything t hat had ever happened up to that time within so short a time span. Does engraining memories of past atrocities into the public psyche eliminate future atrocities? Political campaigns demonstrate that by slinging mud candidates provide name recognition for their opponent(s).In a similar vain, maybe remembering the events of the Holocaust and similar events throughout history (and unfortunately, even occurring around the world today) will only drive home the fact that those events exist and are continuing. Do we really want to do that? We could be reinforcing the Holocaust in the minds of individuals who might not otherwise be aware that any such thing has ever happened or ever will. We have either causal agency to believe that Hitler knew of the mass extermination of the millions of Jews but ironically, there is no documented evidence in writing to confirm this idea.(Irving, 1977) Most German citizens during WWII also claimed ignorance of the Jewish extermination in progress at t he time. How could such a widespread extermination and mass murder have gone unnoticed and Where are the documents to interpret that Hitler was aware of it? Today, nearly seventy years after the beginning of WWII and Jewish extermination, the question is still asked, Did Hitler even know about the Jewish extermination bear on underway? The fact that anyone even asks this question is, perhaps, the greatest evidence that we need to teach that it is a real part of human history. While it seems irrational to birth that Hitler actually had no knowledge of what was going on, it appears to be equally true that few if any documents exist to demonstrate his knowledge of what was going on (Irving, 1977) even though there certainly appears to be a great deal of documentation about the war and the Holocaust (Wolfe, 1990). We can only wonder why these contradictory situations exist.In his 1977 book Hitlers War, one noted British historian, David Irving, outlines why he feels that stories of the mass killings of European Jews in Death Camps are merely British and American inventions, war-time propaganda perpetrated by the Allies. Irving presents several lines of argument to support his claims. For example, he points out that there is no archival evidence anywhere for the gassings, no wartime German documents that mention to the gassings of human beings and there is no clear evidence as to who gave the orders to gas people.He also claims that forensic tests of the laboratories, crematoria, gas chambers and Auschwitz fail to find any trace or significant residue of a cyanide compound. Irving dismisses look witness accounts on the grounds that there are equal numbers of eye witness accounts of the gas chambers in Dachau even though there werent any gas chambers in Dachau and he believes that photographs documenting the Holocaust have been misrepresented. why is it so vital that we remember the Holocaust?Arguments can be made both for and against that stance, but certainl y, the history of the Holocaust should not be slighted or overlooked. The iterate efforts to try to wipe the memory of the Holocaust out of the human psyche as if it never occurred may be one of the strongest points in favor or remembering it. The intended purpose of engraining events from the Holocaust into the mind of todays generation is to allow them to learn the lessons of horror from the past and avoid themso that we wont copy them.Whether this is true or not, we more or less taking comfort in the belief, right or wrong, that if people see the horrors of those events, they will make every effort to avoid them, prevent them and take precautions against repeating them whenever they see the signs in the future. Perhaps the way to combat future human atrocities is to focus on the blow rather than to memorialize them. What lessons can we learn from the Holocaust? First, the Holocaust demonstrates how large groups and numbers of people, even on the scale of nations, can subtly be influenced into groupthink (i.e. , where groups of people think and behave alike because others are thinking and behaving the same way) (Janis, 1972) and manipulated by a very few influential individuals. Second, the Holocaust demonstrates that all too often, man treats his fellow man inhumanely. How do we avoid this in the future? I fear that there is no global answer. Whenever such a situation begins in the future, only then can we address the issue. Another lesson we can learn is that anyone can be the victim, so everyone should recognize and acknowledge it whenever it happens.When we recognize it, we must act together to stop it, and that, unfortunately, is much easier said then done. Perhaps there is no satisfactory solution to preventing future atrocities like the Holocaust. In he end, perhaps all be can do is to try to recognize such events when we see them approaching and then to do everything we can to prevent them.ReferencesBartov, Omar. The Holocaust. Origin, Implementa tion, Aftermath. New York, NY Routledge, 2000. Friedman, capital of Minnesota S. Holocaust Literature. A Handbook of Critical, Historical and Literary Writing. Westport, CT Greenwood Press, 1993.Gigliotti, Simone and Berel Lang. The Holocaust. A Reader. Oxford Blackwell Publishing, 2005. Hilberg, Raul. Perpetrators Victims Bystanders. The Jewish Catastrophe 1933-1945. New York, NY Aaron Asher Books, 1992. Irving, David. Hitlers War. New York, NY Viking Press, 1977. Janis, Irving L. Victims of Groupthink. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1972. Levi, Neil and Michael Rothberg. The Holocaust. Theoretical Readings. New Brunswick. NJ Rutgers University Press, 2003. Wolfe, Robert. Holocaust. The Documentary Evidence. Washington, DC National Archives and Records Administration, 1990.

To Have a Baby Essay Example for Free

To Have a Baby EssayWhen couples have their own babies, they will hold up positive things in life. For one, having a bollocks up raise change their life for the better as babies play the miracle of life. Another is that it can also convey pleasance and happiness into their lives while easing away any of their emotional burdens. Finally, it can also train couples to become more responsible as they grow older. Babies symbolize the miracle of life and for perhaps the best reason. A newly born baby provides people a reminder of the wonders of life. From the babys moving arms and legs to the babys first cry, all of the things that a baby does are proofs of life and can only assure couples that their child is a symbol for their fruitful existence. Babies can ease any emotional burdens of couples since babies bring joy and happiness into their lives. A simple smile or chuckle from a baby can easy lighten the mood of anyone, especially the parents of the baby. It can be said that the laughter of a baby is infectious those around a chuckling baby is sure to find the same way, if not act in almost the same way as the baby.A bad day can easily turn into a bright and happy one when babies begin to smile at their parents. Having a baby is in itself a training process since the tasks involved in upbringing a child from birth onwards are crucial. From changing diapers to making the baby fall asleep in ones arms, all of the things that couples do for the welfare of their baby is a training process that nurtures them into becoming responsible individuals as parents and as members of the society.There are more positive things that babies can bring into the lives of couples, thereby making life happier for these people with fewer reasons, if any, to be disheartened. To raise a child from infancy is a challenging but rewarding roll in the hay that can only be compared next to nothing. To have a baby is to essentially have all the reasons in life to be happy and satis fied.

Effects of Ketamine on the Human Body

Effects of ketamine hydrochloride hydrochloride on the Human BodyThe desire to transfer consciousness is a fundamental human trait. From being something impotential to finding numerous chemics in controlling the mind, the process of discovery has also created opportunities for us to look the set up and mind-tricks behind it. Just like any other new inventions in technology, at that place is always a path that leads to a wrong destination. The habit of psychoactive do do drugsss has turned into a trend amongst the younger generation, endangering both their own lives and the stability of the society.It has been said that this ingenious discover has benefited the forward of our medical industry so far in our 21st century many have become a tool to escape from stress and reality. These so c entirelyed companionship drugs argon now produced in large amounts and distri just nowed to young tidy sum at bars, nightclubs and ho spend parties around the globe. The disastrous impact behind this irresponsible crime has led to thousands of innocent mickle condemned and squeeze to dwell in a living hell.Different volume have their own definitions of the term abuse. It is hard to have a universal definition for the backchat as the bottom line of an man-to-man is drawn upon their own decision. Therefore using the definition published by the World Health Organization, psychoactive warmness abuse is defined as a maladaptive pattern of use indicated by continued use despite bangledge of having a persis ten dollar billt or recurrent neighborly, occupational, psychological or physical problem that is ca apply or exacerbated by the use or by recurrent use in situations in which it is physic eachy hazardous.1In addition, continuing abuse in this context will be defined as a relapsing disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences as well as neurochemical and molecular changes in the brain.2, in other words, chronic abuse is a ddiction. Addiction is mostly dependent on previously exposed rewards such as food, alcohol, sex, and in this case, on the psychoactive drug Ketamine.http//www.tjipr.com/images/enji.jpg http//wellnessimpactnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/VariousPills-300225.jpgWhat is Ketamine?Psychoactive DrugsBefore answering the above question, it is important to know how ketamine is categorized as a psychoactive drug and its evolvement in human history. The term psychoactive drug is utilize to describe any chemical substance that affects mood, perception or consciousness as a result of changes in the functioning of the polish offensive dust (brain and spinal cord).3These drugs ar often termed psychoactive because they change the perceptions and the behavior of the individual using them.Psychoactive drugs deal be classified into s nonetheless different categories stimulants, depressants, narcotics, cannabis, inhalants, h totallyucinogens and club drugs. Stimulants are mostly used to s pare tiredness and increase alertness. The most common stimulants are nicotine, which can be found in tobacco products, and caffeine, which is mixed in soft drinks and coffee. The much these drugs are consumed, the more our body will depend on it to maintain the desired effects. Cannabis acts in a similar way, lone(prenominal) that it is a plant chiefly in forms of marijuana and hashish. Depressants and Narcotics work in the opposite way. They are often used to dull senses and depress the functioning of the central nervous system. These two types of drugs are used medically as anesthetic(a)s and analgesics. Small doses of depressants may help more to relax muscles and produce calmness, magic spell larger doses may cause difficulties with reflexes and judgement. Alcohol is a depressant which is widely found in our daily lives, and Narcotics such as opium and heroin are mostly used to relieve pain, yet a long-term addiction on these two may cause addiction and abuse. Hallucin ogens and inhalants are synthetic drugs that distort the perception of reality and produce feelings of euphoria. These drugs may cause a short conclusion of excitation and light headedness as it quickly acts on the body as it enters the bloodstream through inhalation. A good example of psychotropic drugs is Phencyclidine ( health care provider), which is mostly used as a sedative in operations before switching to Ketamine. Ketamine is the most common club drug found in the society now. Club drugs have the effect of both stimulants and hallucinogens, and are most popular at party venues such as fellowship parties and nightclubs among the younger generation. Other Club drugs include Ecstasy and Gamma-Hydroxybutryic Acid (GHB). The latter one is odorless and flat, therefore gaining the reputation as a date-rape drug as it may cause deep sleep and unconsciousness when administered with high dosage.4KetamineAs mentioned above, Ketamine was used to replace Phencyclidine (PCP) as an a nesthetic medicine.5PCPwas originally tested as a surgical anesthetic in the 1950s.5 It is known as adissociativeanesthetic because it can make a person feel a sense of detachment, as if the mind is separated from the body.6PCP was used in veterinary medicine to anesthetize large animals, but was never approved for use in humans because many patients became agitated, delusional and irrational while recovering from their operations.During 1960s, PCP was widely abused as it could be easily distributed in pill forms. The powdered form of PCP was real in 1970s, commonly known as rocket fuel, superweed, etc. which is sprinkled on contribute of tobacco or marijuana for smoking. PCPcan be easily synthesized as a result it is often sold off on streets as a nonher drug such as mescaline or Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).Due to the worse effects illustrated by patients after(prenominal) the use of PCP, Ketamine was turned in 1962 to replace PCP. It was startle known as Cl-581, discover ed by scientist Calvin Stevens. Ketamine was then tried in humans as an anesthetic for the outgrowth duration by Professor Edward Domino, and this is what he said afterwards,Our findings were remarkable The overall incidence of side effects was about one out of three volunteers. heel emergence delirium was minimal. Most of our subjects described strange experiences like a feeling of floating in outer space and having no feeling in their arms or legs. 7The successful effects soon encouraged the drug to be patented by the company Parke-Davis for use as an anesthetic in humans and animals. Nonetheless, Professor Domino described Ketamine as a potent psychedelic drug and named it as a dissociative an anesthesia. Ketamine was first used in large quantities in the Vietnam War by the USA Army, where it was used as an anesthesia for soldiers on field. Ketamines chemical structure, mechanism of action and effects are similar to those of PCP, but it acts for a shorter duration and is less potent than PCP. The drug provides dissociative anesthesia, which is a combination of analgesia with superficial sleep. This state is characterized by self-generated ventilation, relative preservation of airway reflexes and hemodynamic stability, and explains why Ketamine has remained the anesthetic drug of choice in the evolution world and for mass casualties in the field.8Ketamine is tasteless and odorless, so it can be added to food and drinks undetected. Because of this, the drug is sometimes used in sexual abuse at entertainment venues and therefore referred to as drug rape. Ketamine is known on the streets as special K, K and cat tranquilizer. Ketamine has plenty of other street names that have changed throughout the years. before it was known as rockmesc or mean green9, and then it evolved to numerous different slang names including Jet, superintendent K, Vitamin K, New Ecstasy, Honey oil, Mauve, Keller, Bump and Super Acid.Uses and effects of Ketamine exposure in medicin eOne of the most important happenings in the modern society is our breakthrough in the development of powerful medicine for clinical procedures. Advances in technology has prospered the birth of new operation methods such as laparoscopic and robotic surgeries, enabling medical practitioners to increase efficiency to max, at the alike time lowering the cost and risk of the procedure. These improvements have greatly ameliorated the side effects of conventional open surgery, allowing patients to heal faster with better comfort. Medicine becomes an natural need in our daily lives, and the more it improves, the more we rely on it.I have attended a medical lecture over the spend holidays on the background of surgery. The professor explained the four most important factors behind all the surgeries, namely the 4As Anesthetics, Analgesics, Antibiotics and Antiseptics. Among these four, Ketamine has already covered two of these factors. Ketamine has some(prenominal) clinically reclaima ble properties, including analgesia and less cardiorespiratory depressant effects than other anesthetic agents10 in fact it causes some stimulation of the cardiovascular system. Ketamine is water-soluble in water and is prepared with the sodium salt benzethonium chloride as a preservative. It is a basic compound and is dissolved in a solution of pH 3.5-5. The ketamine molecule contains an asymmetrical carbon atom with two optical isomers (enantiomers). The S (+) isomer is about three times more potent and longer playacting as an anesthetic than the R (-) isomer. It is believed that the R (-) isomer is the part of the molecule that is the root of the cause of some undesirable side effects.11Studies novelly have shown that the S (+) Ketamine isomer is a stronger analgesic with a faster clearance and less side effects than the R (-). It has shown to provide a more rapid motor and afferent block, shorter duration and less motor blockade in elder males.12Ketamine interacts with N-me thyl-D-asparate (NMDA), opioid, monoaminergic, muscarinic receptors and voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels. However, unlike other superior general anesthetic agents, ketamine does not interact with GABA receptors. The NMDA receptor is a member of the glutamate receptor family. It is an example of an ion channel coupled receptor with excitatory properties which has been implicated in the mechanism of general anesthesia, analgesia and also in neurotoxicity. Ketamine is a non-competitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor which interferes with the action of excitatory amino acids13. In addition, at clinically relevant concentrations, ketamine interacts with the phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP) binding site leading to significant inhibition of NMDA receptor activity. This only occurs when the calcium ion channel has been opened.Effects of Ketamine on our bodyWe were always aware with purely the basic consequences of drug abusing. For instance, we were taught that drug abusing may cause se rious damage to our body but what exactly is our body suffering from?Central anxious SystemKetamine is the only anesthetic available which has analgesic (pain relieving), hypnotic (sleep producing) and amnesic (short term memory loss) effects. When used correctly it is a very useful and versatile drug.14Clinically, Ketamine has been reported to produce not only general but also local anesthesia. Ketamines site of action is primarily in the thalamus and limbic systems. It does not suppress respiratory drive unless high doses are used, or smaller doses given rapidly. Unlike other anesthetic agents, patients who have had ketamine may have their eyes opened and make reflex actions during the operation therefore it is not suitable for use in eye surgeries. However, use of ketamine increases the intracranial shove, therefore patients who have recent head injuries should avoid using it to prevent further damage. The reason behind was that the rise in mean arterial pressure caused a rise in cerebral perfusion pressure and therefore intracranial pressure. Moreover ketamine is a very legal analgesia and may be used without other analgesics intraoperatively. Due to the frequent occurrence of hallucinations after operation, the patient may be in agitation during recovery. These can be reduced by premedication and by recovering the patient in a quiet area.15I recently read several medical research papers on the effect of anesthetics and sedatives for the developing brain. A study performed by Dr. John Olneys laboratory demonstrated widespread neuronal degeneration following the repeated administration of ketamine in neonate rats, as well as long-term decreases in neuronal density and impaired neurocognitive function in adulthood following an exposure to other anesthetic drugs.16It is further discovered that drugs used to provide clinical anesthesia and sedation are thought to affect proper formation of the central nervous system as it interferes the NMDA-type glutamat e receptor function. Moreover, several studies have examined the effects of Ketamine on the developing brain of monkeys and have observed widespread neuronal jail cell demise following the administration of multiple doses up to 75mg/kg.17Another study by Dr. Fredriksson and colleagues demonstrated that a single ketamine exposure of 50mg/kg in new-born mice caused affected behavior and impaired learning and memory acquisition in adolescence. Experimental data also indicate that NMDA glutamate receptor agonists and GABA receptor antagonists trigger cell death.18As laboratory investigation on humans is not allowed, scientists may only conduct their research on rats and monkeys. The potential mechanism of anesthetic neurotoxicity is hushed under investigation however, it is further complicated by the lack of understanding of exact mechanisms of consciousness and anesthesia. Therefore these results may only be interpreted as a reference to the effects that relate back to ketamine abus e.Respiratory SystemBy using ketamine, the airway is usually well maintained as the airway reflexes and skeletal muscle tone are relatively preserved. Aspiration is a potential hazard despite the retention of protective reflexes. Ketamine is an effective bronchodilator and its action may be mediated either via an increase in blood catecholamine or by its direct smooth muscle relaxant effect.19When ketamine is given slowly respiration is usually well maintained, after rapid endovenous injection the breathing may stop for a short while but usually restarts within a minute.20Because of this, ketamine becomes a very useful anesthetic agent in places where there is only limited type O available.Cardiovascular SystemKetamine is able to increase both blood pressure and escortt rate. These variables reach a peak 2-4 minutes after an intravenous injection, then slowly decline to normal values over the next 10-20 minutes. Ketamine produces its cardiovascular effects by stimulating the centra l sympathetic nervous system and, to a lesser extent, by inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine at sympathetic nerve terminals. Individual responses may vary occasionally as there can be a large rise in blood pressure. This risk is not connect to a preoperative history of hypertension, but related to the usage of ketamine. This may increase the workload of the heart hence ketamine should be avoided in those patients with ischemic heart disease.Induced bladder dysfunctionbladder dysfunction associated with ketamine abuse was first voiced out in 2007 by researchers in Canada and Hong Kong. Dr. Shahani and his team presented a series of 9 patients who are all daily ketamine users presented with dysuria, frequency, urgency and frank hematuria. The CT scans revealed a thickened bladder wall, small content bladder and perivescicular stranding.21Dr. Chu and his team presented a series of ten patients with intemperate bladder dysfunction following regular ketamine abuse. From the stat istics of their research, all patients had severe lower urinary tract symptoms and small functional bladder capacity varying from 20 to 200mls.22A scan of the bladder (cystoscopy) also revealed that the epithelial layer of the bladder has inflammation.23These reports were from Hong Kong and Canada where ketamine is a popular drug. Dr. Cottrell and his team reported club patients presenting with similar urinary symptoms and cystoscopy findings following chronic ketamine usage.24These symptoms are currently left unexplained, but with increasing popularity of the drug in the younger generation, more and more ketamine users could present with ketamine induced bladder dysfunction.As we can see from the above effects, ketamine is already able to induce a portion out of problems for our body and affects the whole body system when it responses to the drug in medical uses. Some may be beneficial, but most can cause severe damage to our body, so why is ketamine still on the streets endanger ing our future generations?Ketamine in our societyBack in Hong Kong, I often hear reports from the public media reporting that the police force discovers another drug dealing club/bar with underage drinking and drug abuse. Although we were educated with the basics of the consequences of drug abuse, one simply will not be able to know thoroughly about the essential damage that the drug does to the body. Take smoking as an example Tobacco has existed for centuries, and people nowadays have beautifully wrapped cigarettes packed in delicate boxes. They can easily gain access to acquire one of this highly toxic substance back home for their own enjoyment and pleasure. Putting aside the lack of awareness in the old days, nowadays all the education systems around the globe include the effects of smoking into our classes, no matter taught in Liberal Studies or specifically Biology, most people who have received education are equipped with the basic knowledge of the harmful effects of smoki ng. Even packages of cigarettes are posted with photos of the disastrous effects of smoking, for example, a photo of a dissected lung of a chronic smoker, still does not stop smokers from getting on with their habit.In the 1970s, the drug was approved by the FDA to be used clinically on children and adults, yet at the same time it also started to flow into drug markets in public. Most of them were firstly sold by hospital staff later on it became trendy to produce it in large amounts to divert ketamine into wider population. Over the past 20 years, Ketamine has emerged as a testing replacement for PCP to one of the most popular party drugs at underground parties and raves. In the late 20th century, the drug has already gained its reputation around the globe as one of the mainstream dance culture drugs in society.In the year 1999, The Drug Enforcement Agency in the United Sates do ketamine a schedule three drug. This means that this particular drug is illegal to buy or sell without a prescription.25Ketamine is considered to be a Class C drug in the UK and Mexico, the equivalent of a schedule three in the United States and schedule one in Canada. It was legal to own ketamine in England, Scotland and Wales before 2006. Most countries currently have ketamine under controlled substance act in which it can be used as a medication but not recreationally, for instance ketamine is regulated under Schedule 1 of Hong Kong Chapter 134 of Dangerous Drugs Ordinance. It can only be used legally by health professionals, for university research purposes, or with a physicians prescription.26Taking the data of ketamine abuse in Hong Kong, in recent years, it has become more common among the teens. In Hong Kong, since 2005 it has become the commonest drug of abuse among persons aged 21 years or less compared to the first three quarters of 2005, the number of ketamine abusers among teenagers has doubled in the first three quarters of 2008.27In 2008, ketamine abuse constituted 85% of all kinds of drug abuse among persons aged under 21 years, compared to 61% in 2005. Also, data collected by the Hospital Authority Hong Kong Poison Information Centre (HKPIC) showed that ketamine abusers represented 16% of all drug abusers attending accident and emergency departments in the period of 1 July 2005 to 31 December 2005, while the proportion rose to 40% in the period of 1 January 2008 to 30 June, indicating a steep increase of the number of ketamine abusers.28Solutions?The reason I decided to put a question mark after this sub topic is because there is no concrete evidence that the treatments I list below will 100% cure the patient. To overcome the psychological dependence on ketamine, the ultimate factor during the process will be the patients endurance and willpower. Without consistency to finish the whole course of treatment is no different to receiving no treatment. Just like antibiotics, you have to finish the whole course in order to fully recover from your il lness.We live in an inconsistent and contradictory society. On the bright side, we advise the society not to abuse drugs and say no to the people who sell or offer them to you yet on the other hand, medical practitioners are encouraging us to take medicine that might cause similar effects and consequences as drugs like ketamine. While we tell young people that ketamine is illegal and dangerous for their health, we ignore to a large extent the bad effects that alcohol has on health, thus making it legal even if it has devastating effects on our body as well. The world has slowly turned into a place where benefits and money take hierarchy over the health of the public. There is an increase in frequent reports of making fake milk powder and eggs, as well as drug manufacturers such as the recent incident of Contergan taking the blame of causing Phocomelia in infants whose parents had taken the medicine. One of the main reasons that ketamine is still one of the most popular party drugs n owadays is due to the commercial income it brings when it comes to selling and buying. Drug dealing is happening around the globe every day, and what attracts people to do it is not the drug, but the money. determine have been overthrown by the nature of human kind, where selfishness topples conscience in the business world, no matter legal or illegal. Laws and regulations are developed over time to control the extent of these shameful behaviors, yet ultimately there is no thorough solution to this problem. Most societies are uncomfortable with people going off into trance and hallucinatory intoxications, and indeed setting up the laws against the usage and possession of drugs are to discourage people from falling into those in- construct worlds of their own. But innate, neuropsychological changes in a persons body cannot be controlled by legislation. Provided that they have the desire to take the drug, they will always be satisfied by themselves.Alcohol may no longer fulfill the need for teenagers to take off from reality into their virtual world of desires after they become fully exposed to it, and slowly they turn to seek stronger effects by trying out drugs like marijuana and ketamine. As they become satisfied with the effects given by the drugs, trying gradually becomes abusing. They start to develop unwise behavior as they reckon that the feeling is brought by the pills rather than from their own nervous systems getting into trouble when the pills no longer work so well. Their drug abuse becomes more frequent and compulsive, yet with less reward. This misconception is the first step to developing drug dependence, no matter whether the drug is marijuana or ketamine or if it produces physiological dependence or not. Dependence on the drug cannot be broken until the misconception is cleared. Drug abusers live on their own reasons to continue, and only those who realize that he/she has been using the drug merely as an excuse for having an experience that i s superficial comes to see that the drugged state is not exactly the same with the experience he/she wants. Alternatively, they will start looking for ways that may fulfill the slight desire to lift up from reality, such as meditation and sleeping. If we look in closely to the successful examples of quitting drugs Many drug abusers give up drugs for consciousness, but little gives up consciousness for drugs.ConclusionWe see people travelling through time and going into the mind of others to retrieve thoughts and ideas in fiction and movies, and it is definitely something that I would love to do as well. Yet is it possible to live in dreams and neglect whats really happening in the world we exist in? By altering the state of our consciousness, our brain is simply direct the wrong signal back to ourselves, putting us into a world of our own desires and fantasies. Ketamine can definitely achieve this, but after the temporary dreams disappear, we will only fall deeper into the K-hole and become more dependent on the drug. We must be clear about the severe effects and consequences that ketamine brings to the individual and the society, and reiterate these problems to the public to prevent further abuse of it.Psychoactive drugs will always be present as a part of our life. The society demand to recognize the problems caused by the misuse of ketamine and deal with them immediately in an open and realistic way. Drug abuse is now connected with other social problems as well, such as social deprivation or family issues. We actually do not know whether the people who abuse it really likes it, but all we need to know is how ketamine can vastly change a persons life when you become addicted to it. From the medical research evidence shown, ketamine can really ruin your life when you are associated with it, yet why blame the drug when it is down to you to choose the reality or to stay in the dreams built by your own desires?

Alternative Sources of Toxicology Tests

Alternative Sources of Toxicology TestsC arful analyses of the community of bird louses encountered on a decomposing corpse, combined with knowledge of biting louse biology, ecology, and local environmental conditions, potty often set up valuable rhetorical insights. These can include the estimation of time since death, movement of the remains after death, indication of antemortem injuries, and the strawman of drugs or toxins.Over the historic two decades, there has been an app atomic number 18nt increase in the incidence of drug-related deaths reported within the United States and different countries. Decedents in such cases are, in many instances, non discovered for a substantial period of time ( twenty-four hourss or weeks). The resulting state of advanced putrefaction and environmental recycling typically encountered in these situations often dictates the concern of miscellaneous entomologic methodologies. The entomological techniques most frequently utilized are ba sed on comprehensive analyses of the insects and other arthropods associated with the remains, their growing, and patterns of succession (Goff and Flynn 1991, Goff and Odom 1987, Lord et al. 1986).The accuracy of entomological estimates in deaths involving narcotic intoxication has been subject to debate in new-made years, as few available studies have explored the cause of drugs contained in decomposing interweaves on vaporise colonization and ovipositional behavior, or on the rates of development of carrion-frequenting insects feasting on such food sources (Goff 1993). Additionally, relatively few studies have examined the effects of other tissue contaminants, such as toxins or environmental pollutants on these behaviors or the developmental patterns of the insects colonizing such tissues.In recent years, interest has also foc roled on the authority use of carrion-frequenting insects as commutenative toxicological specimens in situations where traditional toxicological sou rces, such as blood, urine, or solid tissues, are unavailable or not suitable for analysis. The use of anthropophagic flee larvae (maggots) as alternate toxicological specimens is well documented in the entomological and forensic science literature (Miller et al. 1994). Detection of versatile toxins and controlled substances in insects launch on decomposing human remains has contri scarceed to the surveyment of both cause and manner of death (Lord 1990, Goff and Lord 1994, Nolte et al. 1992). With the development of hair extraction technologies, perplexity has recently foc utilise on the analysis of chitinized insect remnants that are frequently encountered with mummified and skeletonized remains (Miller et al. 1994). In such cases, the standard toxicological specimens are often absent.Studies of the use of carrion-feeding arthropods as alternative toxicological specimens, and of the impact that tissue toxins and contaminants have on the development of immature insects feeding on these substances, currently comprise the major avenues of exploration in the emerging field of entomotoxicology.The potential value of larval and adult carrion-feeding insects, and their chitinous remnants, as alternative sources of toxicological information has been clearly demonstrated. As with other emerging technologies, however, great care must be taken in the interpretation and use of such data, particularly within the forensic arena. Given recent advances in analytical procedures, it has become more(prenominal) practical to use plain decomposed tissues for analysis (Tracqui et al. 2004). The situation whitethorn still be encountered where for various reasons there are no tissues remaining and the arthropods remain the only available material for analyses. In these instances, a qualitative analysis will be of value, but any start at quantitation must be viewed with skepticism. Much more research is required ahead the full potential of this discipline can be recognized.F orensic toxicologists qualitatively and quantitatively identify drugs and poisons which may be relevant to cause and manner of death. In most cases, toxicological specimens are collected at autopsy. Alternatively, if a remains is badly decomposed, bone, hair, and insect larvae and pupae are collected and analyzed.The use of insects and insect remnants as toxicological specimens is well documented. Insect tissue or remnants ( immature cases, frass, etc.) can be used to identify drugs and toxins present in decomposing tissues. Literature to date has cited the use of arthropods as an alternative toxicological source since 1980.Beyer was one of the first to use maggots to qualitatively assess drug presence in a suspected self-destruction case. A body of a 22-year old female was found skeletonized except for the skin. Larvae were collected and match with the proteins precipitated out of solution. Gas chromatography was used to identify a phenobarbital concentration of 100 g/g in larva l tissue. The larvae were identified as Cochliomyia macellaria (Beyer et al. 1980).Levine et al. (2000) describe a case in which an unidentified male was found by a river and was decomposed and skeletonized. An empty bottle of secobarbital was found near the body. Calf brawniness and maggots were sent for toxicological analysis. No substances or drugs were get holded in the calf muscle, but secobarbital was identified in the maggots by electron ionization bollix up chromatography/mass spectrometry.In a similar study, Wilson et al. (1993) reared Calliphora vicina on human skeletal muscle from suicidal overdose victims of co-proxamol (propoxyphene and acetaminophen) and amitriptyline. Third instars were transferred to drug-free muscle or foregoed to feed on drug-laden muscle for two more mean solar days prior to harvesting. The drug concentrations in the muscle food source were 0.48 g/g amitriptyline, 0.38 g/g nortriptyline, 0.99 g/g propoxyhene, and 14.3 g/g acetaminophen. The m ean ratios of drug concentrations in larvae to the food source were 0.5, amitriptyline 0.5, nortriptyline and 0.06 for propoxyphene. In all stages no drugs or metabolites were detected in puparia, pupal cases, or adults (Wilson et al, 1993).Malathion, an organophosphate insecticide, was identified in larvae found on a decedent thought to be a suicide victim. Malathion was detected at a concentration of 2,050 g/g of larvae in specimens collected from the decomposing remains. Malathion exhibits low perniciousness in mammals, yet a high toxicity to adult insects. In this case, the maggots were developing normally despite concentrations of malathion that were toxic to rats and adult species of blowfly (Gunatilake and Goff 1989). This case illustrates the importance of studying the effects many drugs and toxins have on insect species since drugs and toxins may affect insect development, mortality rates, and PMI.The effects of various drugs and toxins to carrion-feeding insects have been investigated, but this area of study is still expanding. Tracqui et al. (2004) examined 29 necropsies in which various organic compounds (including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, antidepressants, phenothiazine, opiates, cannabinoids, meprobamate, digoxin, and nefopam) were detected in arthropod larvae sampled from human corpses. Larvae were collected from multiple sites on the cadaver, weighed, washed, and dried. The larvae were mechanically homogenized and then extracted using solid or liquid pattern extraction procedures. Sample extracts were then analyzed by gas or liquid-chromatography. The results indicated that the concentrations of the drugs in insect tissues tended to be lower than those of cadaveric samples, and that concentrations varied between anatomic sites (i.e. within anatomic sites when larvae were grouped according to their site of sampling). Tracqui et al. (2004) also found only weak correlations between the concentrations of drugs in biofluids at the time of deat h and those in the larvae sampled from the cadaver at a later time.Goff has conducted a number of entomotoxicology experiments with various drugs (Goff et al. 1989, Goff et al. 1991, Goff et al. 1992, Goff et al. 1993, Goff et al. 1994). When Goff did his studies he administered the drug to a financial support animal(prenominal). He did this so that known and reproducible concentrations of drugs and metabolites in animal tissue could be used to approximate amounts normally encountered in human fatal overdoses.Hdouin et al. (1999) established concentrations of morphia in an animal model before rearing larvae on tissues. morphia, a metabolite of heroin, was injected intravenously into rabbits. The kinetics of morphia elimination from blood after a single intravenous dig of morphine and the concentrations of morphine in tissues following a continuous perfusion were established. Morphine concentrations were determined using radioimmunoassay techniques. The rabbits that received a si ngle injection received 2 mg/kg of morphine hydrochloride. Three rabbits received 2 mg/kg of body weight of morphine hydrochloride per hour for a period of 3 h using a continuous perfusion through a plastic catheter in the ear. Results from the continuous perfusion showed that the concentrations of morphine differed according to the organ analyzed, but were reproducible for organs between animals. This study permitted known and reproducible concentrations of morphine in the rabbit to be used as a substrate for rearing of larvae in entomological studies.Goff used rabbits in his entomotoxicological studies of cocaine and heroin on Boettcherisca peregrina (Goff et al. 1989, Goff et al. 1991). The rabbits in the heroin study were given 6, 12, 18, and 24 mg of heroin by cardiac puncture. Boettcherisca peregrina were allowed to feed and develop on liver tissue containing heroin. From hours 18 to 96, larvae feeding on liver tissue containing heroin developed more rapidly than those feeding on the liver from the control. Time required for pupation was also greater for larvae that fed on tissue from heroin dosed rabbits than for the control larvae. The rates of development were sufficient to alter PMI estimates based on larval development by up to 29 hours (Goff et al. 1991).In a similar study, ternary domestic rabbits received dosages of 35, 69, and 137 mg cocaine in 5 mL saline via cardiac puncture in the cocaine study. The dosages represent one-half the LD50, the normal LD50, and twice the LD50. Boettcherisca peregrina were allowed to feed and develop on tissues containing cocaine. From hours 30 to 70, larvae developed more rapidly on tissue containing cocaine from rabbits injected with 69 mg and 137 mg of cocaine than on tissue from rabbits injected with 35 mg of cocaine or no cocaine. Total development times required for pupation and adult eclosion were also shortened. Differences between larvae developing on cocaine-dosed rabbit tissue compared to a control were sufficient to alter PMI estimates based on larval development in decomposing human tissues by up to 24 h (Goff et al. 1989). Goffs results indicate that an opiate (e.g., heroin) and a stimulant drug (e.g., cocaine) can both increase the rate of development in the Boettcherisca peregrina (Goff et al. 1989, Goff et al. 1991).Bourel et al. (1999b) administered morphine chlorhydrate to three rabbits each at a different concentration. The three concentrations were 12.5, 25.0 and 50.0 mg/h of morphine chlorhydrate via ear perfusion. A fourth rabbit was used as a control. Following administration of the drug, rabbits were sacrificed and 400 eggs of genus Lucilia sericata were placed in the eyes, nostrils, and mouth of each rabbit. Larvae were sampled daily to determine egression rate and weight. Puparia and emerging adults were also sampled. In this study, the larvae reared on the control and the rabbits that received 12.5 and 25 mg/h of morphine developed at similar rates from hours 41 to 69, while larvae reared on the carcass given 50.0 mg/h of morphine developed at a slower rate. From hour 91 to 165, the larvae from carcasses that received 12.5 and 50.0 mg/h developed at the same rate, which was slower than the control colony. Overall, the effects of morphine appear to be dose dependent as the larvae feeding on the rabbit that received the greatest dosage were the slowest to develop. Based on results from this study, between hours 91 and 165 estimations of larval age based on total length can be significantly in error if the presence of morphine in tissues is not considered. The error can be as great as 24 h for Lucilia sericata larvae measuring from 8 to 14 mm total length.In another case Bourel et al. (2001) used approximately 100 larvae of L. sericata reared on seven 250 g portions of minced beef combined with morphine hydrochloride solutions. afterwards egg hatch, 10 specimens of second instar, third instar, post-feeding third instar and pupae were sampled and immediately frozen. After adults emerged, they were kept in a jar until they died and desiccated. Samples were homogenized, centrifuged, and the supernatant analyzed for morphine study using a specific radioimmunoassay. Concentrations of morphine were high in second and third instar larvae, almost proportional to concentrations in minced meat, but almost no morphine was detected in pupae. The results indicate that larvae excrete the drug during the post-feeding stage. A quantity of morphine is sequestered in the cuticle of pupae, but at minute concentrations. Morphine is sequestered in the cuticle during larval growth and in the formation of puparia (Bourel et al. 2001).Elimination of drugs or toxins prior to metamorphosis has been shown in other studies. Sadler et al. (1995) was able to detect trimipramine, trazodone, and temazepam, in the larvae of Calliphora vicina, but was unable to detect the drugs in the pupae. The fact that drugs do not bioaccumulate throughout the life of the larvae suggests that elimination mechanisms are present. Drug concentrations decreased when larvae were taken from drug laden meat and placed on drug free meat. The results of these studies indicate the importance of collecting larvae for toxicological analysis from those feeding actively on a corpse.Introna et al. (1990) reared Calliphora vicina larvae on liver specimens from 40 cases in which cause of death had been determined to be opiate intoxication. Analysis of larvae and liver for opiates (morphine) was accomplished by radioimmunoassay. The concentration of opiates for all cases was found to range from 8 to 1,208 g/kg for larvae and 26 to 1,769 g/kg for the liver specimens. A significant difference was found between the opiate liver and larval concentrations.Goff and Lord (1994) reviewed various studies in entomotoxicology and concluded that entomotoxicological testing was essential to accurate forensic entomology conclusions. Data indicating the presence of drugs all ow for corrections to the data in cases when drugs affect insect development.Future trends in forensic entomologyThe precise estimation of PMI is the most important goalof forensic entomology by refining the techniques used.Developmental and succession data, consideration of agreater number of geographical regions and a range ofdeath scene scenarios are essential. Moreover there are some(prenominal) parameters which need further attention.It is important to consider factors that might alter thetime of oviposition, such as covering corpses withbranches or tight wrapping with blankets, carpets orplastic bags, and indoor placement, because these factorsmay delay initial oviposition (Higley and Haskell 2001).Seasonal influences, such as cold and rainy weather, may repress or even prevent fly activity and delay oviposition(Erzinclioglu 1996). However, Faucherre et al. (1999)observed flying as well as ovipositing Calliphora vicina to a lower place extreme conditions in the Swiss Alps, col onizing acorpse in a 10-m deep cave at a temperature of about 5_C.The generally accepted assumption that activity ofnecrophagous move ceases below an air temperature of10_C (Williams 1984) or even 12_C (Smith 1986Erzinclioglu 1996) may be questionable (see also Deonier1940 Nuorteva 1965). However, the case described byFaucherre et al. (1999) occurred at an altitude of 1,260 mand whence a cold-adapted population of C. vicina mayhave been involved.Blowflies usually show peaks of oviposition activity inthe early afternoon (Nuorteva 1959a Baumgartner andGreeenberg 1984, 1985 Greenberg 1990). These insectsare not active at iniquity and generally do not lay eggsduring nighttime (Greenberg 1985). A postmortem intervalestimation based on that assumption has to considerthe happening that a corpse which was found about noonand was infested by recently hatched maggots, could havebeen deposited there in the late evening of the previousday. Hence, fly eggs detected on a corpse during the ni ghtwould lead to the conclusion that death occurred duringthe previous day or earlier (Nuorteva 1977). Greenberg(1990) presented the first experimental evidence ofnocturnal oviposition by three forensically importantblow flies, Calliphora vicina, Phormia regina and Lucilia(Phaenicia) sericata. On the other hand, Tessmer et al.(1995) reported that blowflies fail to lay eggs at nightboth in urban (with lighting) and rural dark habitats.However, Singh and Bharti (2001) supported the findingsof Greenberg (1990). Hence nocturnal oviposition is apossibility and should be taken into consideration.Diapause, the period during which growth and developmentof insects is suspended, is still a challenge for theforensic entomologist (see also Ames and Turner 2003).Depending on the insect taxa, the major influences onlarvae or pupae are photoperiod and temperature. Decliningday length and/or decreasing temperatures indicateapproaching winter and induce diapause, preventingdevelopment under unfavou rable environmental conditions.In many forensically important blowflies, diapauseis under maternal control and exposure of females to shortday lengths induces diapause in the offspring (Vinogradova1991). Species with a large geographical rangehave to face changes in day length throughout the year.The critical day length which induces diapause will belonger in populations from a northern range than insouthern populations (McWatters and Saunders 1998).The forensic entomologist working in a temperate regioninvestigating a sample of dead maggots collected from acorpse during late family line has to consider the possibilitythat these maggots had already entered diapause.Besides day length, temperature may also influence theincidence of diapause (Vinogradova and Zinovjeva 1972).Unlike photoperiod, temperature is not a noise-free signal,as it is subject to healthy variation both within andbetween years (McWatters and Saunders 1998). Increasingconstant temperature is known to reduce the i ncidenceof diapause in forensically important Dipteran species,such as Liopygia argyrostoma (Saunders 1975), Protophormiaterraenovae (Vinogradova 1986) and Calliphoravicina (McWatters and Saunders 1998).The duration of diapause is another important parameter.McWatters and Saunders (1998) showed that in C.vicina kept at temperatures of 15_C and 20_C, respectively,diapause was terminated in most larvae within30 days. However, the diapause ended earlier in larvaewhose parents had been kept at 20_C than those whoseparents had been kept at 15_C. These observations shouldbe a caveat for the forensic entomologist and points to theneed for further studies on other species.Competition may affect development and growth ofthe larvae. Smith and Wall (1997a, 1997b) presented datawhich indicate that the larvae of Lucilia sericata incarcasses experience significant levels of competition and that the intensity of this competition may be sufficient toreduce the numbers of adult L. sericata able to e mergesuccessfully.Reiter (1984), Smith (1986) and Erzinclioglu (1990)pointed to another factor which could complicate theestimation of the postmortem interval-precocious eggdevelopment in flies. In some female flies, eggs may beretained in the oviduct, having been fertilized as they passthe spermathecal ducts in advance of the act of oviposition (Wells and office 2001). In cases where a suitableoviposition site is not available, the eggs may remaininside the fly until they have completed embryonic development. It has been reported for several species ofthe tribe Calliphorini, including the forensically importantCalliphora vicina, that the larva hatches from such eggsimmediately following oviposition (Erzinclioglu 1990Wells and world-beater 2001). Precocious eggs are more likely tobe found in bluebottles (Calliphora spp.) than in otherlineages of carrion-feeding blowflies and the proportionof wild flies carrying an egg that is about to hatch can bequite high (Wells and King 2001).P arasitoid larvae feed exclusively on other arthropods,mainly insects, resulting in the death of the parasitoidslegion (Godfray 1994). The majority of parasitoids areeither members of the order Hymenoptera or Diptera,representing an exceedingly diverse group and constitutingabout 8.5% of all described insects (LaSalle and Gauld1991 Godfray 1994). They also attack necrophagous taxaand therefore could appear on carrion. Fabritius andKlunker (1991) listed 83 parasitoid species, mainlywasps, which attack the larval and pupal stages ofsynanthropic Diptera in Europe. There are few reports onthe use of parasitoids in forensic entomology (Smith1986 Haskell et al. 1997 Amendt et al. 2000 Andersonand Cervenka 2002 Grassberger and Frank 2003b). Thelife-cycles of the common parasitoid species are known(e.g. Geden 1997) and, even if the adults have alreadyemerged and left the host, the pupal exuviae of theparasitic wasps can be identified for a long timeafterwards (Geden et al. 1998 Carlson et a l. 1999). Theparasitoid developmental times can then be calculated andadded to the time of development of the blowfly host.Pupal parasitoids of blowflies may play an especiallyimportant role in the estimation of the postmortem periodbecause their time of attack is often restricted to a small,well-defined window of time at the beginning of the pupaldevelopment of the host insect (Anderson and Cervenka2002). An example of the practical application of thesewasps involved a case where the early colonizers,individuals of the blowfly Protophormia terraenovae,had finished their development and already left the scenebut adults of the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis (HymenopteraPteromalidae) were vertical about to emerge. Thesewasps need, at a constant temperature of 25_C, 350accumulated degree days, equating to about 14 days, toreach adulthood (Whiting 1967 Grassberger and Frank2003b). By contrast the host P. terraenovae needs about9 days at this temperature to reach the stage appropriatefo r the parasitoids oviposition (Marchenko 2001 Grassbergerand Reiter 2002a). It can therefore be assumed thatthe flies had access to the body for at least about 23 daysbefore the corpse was found. The calculation of developmentaltimes for the host and the parasitoid allowed theestimation of a greater marginal postmortem intervalthan the estimated development time of Protophormiaterraenovae alone. This enabled the criminal investigatorsto disprove the testimony of a witness who claimed thathe had seen the victim alive 20 days before the corpse wasfound. However, when thinking about the potentialinfluence, especially of larval parasitoids, it is importantto remember that this specialized group might also createsignificant problems for forensic entomology. Holdawayand Evans (1930) described, for example, the change indevelopmental times for Lucilia sericata after the attackof its parasitoid Alysia manducator, which resulted inpremature pupariation.The role of freshwater and marine faun a in forensicinvestigations has received very little attention (Payneand King 1972 Nuorteva et al. 1974 Goff and Odom1987 Haskell et al 1989 Catts and Goff 1992 Vance etal. 1995 Sorg et al. 1997 Davis and Goff 2000).Knowledge about the role of aquatic arthropods duringdecomposition is still scanty (Keiper et al. 1997Tomberlin and Adler 1998 Hobischak and Anderson1999, 2002 Anderson 2001 Merrit and Wallace 2001Anderson and Hobischak 2004). Compared with terrestrialhabitats, decomposition in an aquatic environment iscompletely different. It occurs at a rate roughly half thatof decomposition on land, mainly due to the prevention ofinsect activity and cooler temperatures (Knight 1991).Merrit and Wallace (2001) have distinguished six decompositionalstages ranging from submerged fresh,floating decay to sunken remains. Aquatic insects offorensic importance belong to the order Ephemerida (mayflies),Trichoptera (caddis flies) and Diptera (true flies)the latter are mainly represented by Chir onomidae(midges) and Simuliidae (black flies). However, theseinsects, unlike their terrestrial counterparts, are notobligatory saprophages, but instead use the submergedcarrion both as a food source and a breeding site. The use of these insects for estimating the time of death istherefore more difficult and depends on the season and onother conditions of the aquatic systems. No successionalinsect model exists which describes the different waves ofcolonization of a corpse in aquatic habitats (Merrit andWallace 2001).Finally, forensic entomology may help in investigationsdealing with living, but ill, people by revealingneglect. The occurrence of maggots in the wounds ornatural orifices of living persons may indicate such aneglect. Estimating the age of these maggots can revealhow long the neglect has been happening (Benecke 2003).

Vocabulary Learning Strategies

Vocabulary attainment StrategiesRelated searches in ChinaIn China, researches on students study styles nominate attracted a lot of researchers to this argona. The most gallant researches argon conducted by Wang pissed (1988) and Hu Xiaoqiong (1997). Employing Reids Perceptual Learning Style Preference Questionnaire (PLSP), Wang Churning (1988) conducted a large scale research in Guangdong University of Foreign Studies. The participants were 490 English major students from freshmen to senior students. Four conclusions were made from his findings firstly, individual difference of education styles did experience among English major students. The most favored style was tactile skill style and group information style the least favored arcsecondly, the length of eruditeness time could affect students teaching styles and students from different grades had the tendency of presenting different learnedness style preference thirdly, there were great similarities of eruditeness sty les shown by male and womanish students finally, education styles were related to the encyclopedism achievements and visual learning style was always best-loved by students who possessed low English proficiency of listening and reading.Hu Xiaoqiong (1997) in like manner active Reids Perceptual Learning Style PreferenceQuestionnaire (PLSP), with some modifications, to conduct research on 236 students of English major, from freshmen to juniors. His findings further be Wangs research finding that students preferred tactile learning style most during their learning serve well. Apart from this, he also stated that students of English major preferred multi-dimensional learning styles instead of a single one.Adopting Keef and Monk Learning Style Profile, Yu Xinle (1997) tested 149 students of English majors from three universities in Beijing. According to his findings, no correlation could be found amidst learning style preference and gender difference, and no signifi send awaynis tert learning style preference existed between male and female students. However, sequential learning styles and holding learning styles had signifi groundworkt correlation with English learning achievements.From the researches mentioned above, it could be concluded that researches on learning styles ar relatively few and almost all the researches are conducted among English major students, and researches on perceptual learning styles of non-English major students are greatly lacking. Therefore, further researches of perceptual learning styles are extremely needed to be conducted and explored in great detail to non-English major students for their learning style preference.Chapter 3 Literature review article on learning strategiesThe importance of learning scheme as the key variable to influence individual learning difference in the acquisition of second manner of speaking area is a topic that has drawn the maintenance of researchers worldwide. The side by side(p) view of lit erature will present a brief history of learning system from the mid- 1970s to the present.Background of learning strategiesTeachers and researchers have bulky noticed the fact that only seeking for the perfect teaching models cannot assure the success of students expression learning. Under the same phraseology input, not all the students can achieve the same success as others some students obviously learn better than others. Learning is a twain-way communication. Teachers and students need to work together. Neither of them can make the final success of language learning with the neglect of the other. Oxford (1990) clearly states that research interest has been shifted from what students learn or acquire to how students gain language, that is to say, from the product or outcome of learning and acquisition to the wreak of learning and acquisition. In a word, the focus has shifted from teachers to learners, and from learning and teaching results to learning and teaching processe s.Researches on learning system have started from the mid-1970s abroad. Since then, a great number of researchers have become int. ested in this area. Researchers, such as Oxford Nyikos (1989), OMalley Chamot (1990), Oxford (1990), steatocystomaden (1991), Nyikos Oxford (1993), Sa-ngiam (1994), Ehrman Oxford (1995), Eugene (2001), Nisbet (2002), Griffiths (2003) and so on, have guided the dodge research fashion and have greatly contributed to the guess development. Their general research focus includes studies on learning strategies employed by good or successful language learners, studies on learning dodge translations and smorgasbords, studies on influencing variables on learning dodging physical exertion and on the application of learning schema theories to language learning and teaching. With the development of strategy researches, mixed bags of learning strategies have been constantly enriched and perfected. Rubin (1975) first, and shortly after, Stern (1975) publi sh their studies on the learning of good or successful second language learners, which starts the new doorstep of research in second language acquisition (Cited by Oxford, 1990). On the basis of previous researches, Freeman (1991) briefly points out that good language learners have the characteristics of willingness and the true and have a strong desire to communicate even at the risk of appearing foolish. They also pay circumspection to language master head word and meaning in their conversation. Moreover, they physical exertion and monitor their own speech and speech of others. In the 1990s, researches on learning strategies have achieved great success. OMalley Chamot (1990) and Oxford (1990) propose more impressive classifications of learning strategies that have led to a spate of significant researches in this field. Wenden (1991) outlines the schema of learning strategies that includes cognitive strategies (selecting input, comprehending input, storing input, and retrievi ng input) and self-management strategies (planning, monitoring, and evaluating). Cohen (1998) identifies that strategies consist of language learning strategies and language use strategies and states that the two strategies are the processes consciously selected by learners and can enhance students learning through the storage, retention, recall, and application of information.Another interesting topic related to learning strategies is strategy study. Different names have existed for the application of strategy use to learning, such as learner training, learning-to-learn training, learner methodology training, and methodological initiation for learners. OMalley Chamot (1990) state that learning strategies are not the preserve of highly capable individuals and could be learned by others. Oxford (1990) also emphasizes the teachability of learning strategies. Their views have laid the foundation of strategy training programs. Currently, many researchers are devoting themselves to de signing and executing strategy training programs, especially for inexperienced learners.Definitions of different strategiesStrategiesThe concept of strategy derives from the Greek term strategia which means generalship or the art of war. In nonmilitary settings, it means a plan, step, or conscious action toward achievement of an objective (Oxford, 1990). Researchers, such as OMalley Chamot (1990), Oxford (1990), Wenden (1991), Ellis (1994), and Cohen (1998), have contributed greatly to the development and application of learning strategy theories. However, in educational settings, it has been variously described as fuzzy (Ellis, 1994), no consensus (Wenden, 1991), and conflicting views (Cohen, 1998). Certainly, a brief review of literature will indicate the plethora of different terms for strategy, such as techniques, tactics, potentially conscious plans and so on.There is little consensus regarding what a strategy is. Defining strategy is a difficult task and each definition will cause the controversial views easily. Researchers always emphasize this or that aspect of learning strategies when rendering the definition. For example, Brown (1994) holds the view that strategies are referred to as ad hoc methods of approaching a problem or task, modes of operation for achieving a particular end, or think designs for controlling and manipulating certain information. However, Ellis (1994) proposes that strategies consist of mental or behavioural activity related to some specific stage in the overall process of language acquisition or language use. Cohen (1998) defines strategies as the process consciously selected by learners. From the above definitions, it could be noticed that Brown tends to define strategies just as behavioural actions. However, Ellis emphasizes both the mental and behavioural aspects. Cohen mainly focuses on the element of consciousness when rendering the definition, which is not mentioned by Brown and Ellis. The writer would like to define strategies as both mental and behavioral actions consciously selected by learners when solving the problems in this study.Learning strategies and language learning strategiesLearning strategies have considerable potential for enhancing the process of learners language learning and help learners know how to learn more meaningfully, successfully and automatically. Same problems exist when researchers define learning strategies. Different researchers emphasize different aspects of learning strategies. For example, Weinstein Mayer (1986) hold the view that learning strategies are the behaviors and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning which are intended to influence the learners encoding process (Cited by Ellis, 1994) however, Oxford (1990) expands the definition as specific actions taken by the learner to make learning faster, more enjoyable, more self-directed, more effective, and more transferable to new situations Cohen (1998) defines it as the conscious thoughts and behaviors used by learners with the explicit goal of improving their knowledge and understanding of a target language. actors line learning strategies are language specific. Thus the writer of this study is more likely to define learning strategies as behavioral and mental actions consciously selected by learners during learning process. And language learning strategies are behavioral and mental actions consciously selected by learners during language learning process.Classifications of learning strategiesDifferent scholars classify learning strategies from different angles and a large number of classifications exist. In the discovering part, the more comprehensive and elaborate classifications will be discussed, including OMalley Chamots and Oxfords classifications.OMalley Chamots classificationOMalley Chamots classification is based on information processing theory and draws on the work of cognitive psychologists who introduces and develops the concepts of declarative and pro cedural knowledge. Generally speaking, declarative knowledge can be described as a kind of factual information which is stored in the mind and is related to the question of what they are and procedural knowledge is about checking rules and is associated with the question of how to do. OMalley Chamots research project provides a rationale and approach in cognitive theory for discussing learning strategies in second language acquisition. cognitive theory has explained adequately how information is stoizd in memory and what processes are entailed in learning. It states that learning strategies are stored in peoples mind in the form of declarative or procedural knowledge. In cognitive theory, learning strategies are represented as complex cognitive skills that follow the same general rules as other forms of procedural knowledge. Learning strategies begin as declarative knowledge and gradually go through associative, and autonomous stages with practice and experience. Cook (1993) furth er explains this by usingAndersons three developmental stages theory in second language acquisition firstly, in the declarative stage, intensive attention is involved to the new language and deliberate efforts are made to understand the new language secondly, in the compilation stage, procedural knowledge is acquired and gradually little conscious attention is needed thirdly, the automatic processing like native speakers is finally formed. OMalley Chamot (1990) illustrate learning strategies as mental and socio- emotional processes, emphasizing learner fundamental interaction with the language in order to foster acquisition. They present three categories of learning strategies, including metacognitive, cognitive, and social/affective strategies.They point out that metacognitive strategy encompasses executive process that mainly includes planning, monitoring and evaluating strategies. Planning is the strategy used by learners for organizing of the written or spoken discourses. Mon itoring is the strategy used by learners for checking ones comprehension during the process of learning. And evaluating is the strategy used by learners for checking the outcomes of ones own language learning. Cognitive strategies involve the direct manipulation of materials to be learned. Strategies concerning cognitive strategy are mental or behavioral aspects. For example, learners can link new information to previously acquired concepts mentally or physically so that they can group the learning items in meaningful categories or summarize the important information. Other frequently used cognitive strategies are resourcing, repetition, grouping, transfer and translation and so on. Social/affective strategies are used when learners interact with other persons in order to assist their learning. For example, learners often ask questions for clarification or use some kinds of emotional control to promote their learning.Oxfords classification nigh at the same time, Oxford (1990) offers more comprehensive and full-scale language learning classification. Her classification research on language learning strategies has great influence on second language acquisition. She makes a distinction between what she calls direct and indirect strategies and explains the relationship between them by an analogy of a theatre. Direct strategies consist of memory, cognitive, and honorarium strategies. This kind of strategies deals with the new language and is like the performer in a stage play who works with the language itself in a variety ofspecific tasks and situations. Indirect strategies comprise metacognitive, affective, and social strategies and are compared as the director who takes the responsibility for the general management of the play.Firstly, three types of direct strategies are discussed, including memory, cognitive, and compensation strategies. Memory strategies are learning strategies that help students store and retrieve new information and mainly include strategi es, such as grouping or inferencing, creating mental linkages, and applying images and sounds. Cognitive strategies are strategies that enable learners to understand and produce new language by a variety of different means. Summarizing and reasoning deductively are examples of cognitive strategies. Additional examples includ practicing, receiving and sending messages, analyzing and reasoning, and creating twist for input and output. Compensation strategies are strategies that allow learners to use the language despite their large gaps in knowledge base. Guessing intelligently, using synonyms, and overcoming limitations in speaking and writing are included in this type of strategies. Secondly, indirect strategies include metacognitive strategies, affective strategies and social strategies. Metacognitive strategies are language learning strategies, such as planning for language tasks and setting goals that provide a mechanism for individuals to coordinate their own learning process. Affective strategies are strategies that help learners gain control over emotions, attitudes, motivations, and values. To lower their anxiety, learners can listen to music or make positive statements or reward themselves to become high-spirited or try to take their emotional temperature to concentrate on their learning. Social strategies are strategies that involve interaction between and among learners. When they have classroom collaborative activities, learners could use social strategies to help them to obtain information they need, for example, strategies of asking questions, cooperating with others, and empathizing with others.The classification of learning strategies is still controversial. Oxfords classificatory system is different from OMalley Chamots, but there is similarity between them. For example, both of the two classifications include the category of metacognitive strategy which involves the process of thinking, planning, monitoring and evaluating.OMalley Chamots ( 1990) classification emphasizes more on metacognitive and cognitive strategies and lesser focus on social/affective strategies. In their classification, they provide cognitive theories to support the classification of their learning strategies. However, Oxfords classification is more comprehensive and offers six types of learning strategies with an emphasis both on direct and indirect functions of strategies. In addition, Oxfords classification addresses the social and affective components, which are less developed in OMalley Chamots classification. Moreover, Oxfords classification system can be measured by her widely recognized Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL). For these reasons, Oxfords classification system and the accompanying strategy inventory are more acknowledged in the academic world and are always authorize by researchers who are interested in this field.Related research in ChinaWen (2003) identifies two distinctive development stages of learning strategie s in China. The two stages are respectively named as the budding stage and the full developing stage. The budding stage is from 1984 to 1992, and the full developing stage is from 1993 to 2003. In the former stage, Huang (1984) publishes her graduate(prenominal) dissertation An investigation of learning strategies in oral communication that Chinese EFL learners in China employ, which has laid the foundation of Chinese research on learning strategies. In the latter stage, a large number of researchers have made great contributions both in theory and practice in this field. It is worth noticing that researches of learning strategies in todays China have entered the flourishing age. In theoretical aspect, Wen (1996) has put forward the classification system of learning strategies. She classifies strategies into two groups management strategies and language learning strategies. Management strategies comprise aim establishing, planning, strategy selecting, self-monitoring, self-evaluati ng and self-adjusting. Language learning strategies can be subdivided into traditional and non-traditional strategies. Traditional language learning strategies consist of form-focused strategies, accuracy strategies, and using-mother tongue strategies. Non-traditional strategies are made up of meaning-focused strategies, fluency strategies and mother-tongue avoidance strategies. Based on her classification, many studies are conducted, such as Wen Qiufang and Wang Haixiao (1996a, 1996b), Wen Qiufang (1996c), Qin Xiaoging(1998) and the like. Wen and Wang (1996) conducted the comparatively important research on sophomores of non-English majors and one of their research findings was that correlation existed between learners belief and their choice of learning strategies.There are a large number of empirical studies on learning strategies in different language learning areas. For example, Wu Yian and Liu Runging (1993) investigated the psychology and social-psychology factors that affect ed students English language learning. According to the results of their studies, the strategy use had no effect on English achievements. Liu Shaolong(1996) chose 7 adult middle school teachers to investigate the influence of background knowledge on learning strategy choice in listening. After data analysis, he pointed it out that background knowledge did have great influence on the choice of strategy use in listening. Hou Songshan (1998) examined the effect of task types and gender difference towards the choice of communicative strategy use. His participants were sophomore students of English major from PLA Foreign Language College. His findings proved that task types could affect the choice of communicative strategy use. Males and females had different choice of communicative strategy use. Wu Xia Wang Qiang (1998) investigated strategy use on vocabulary learning. He conducted research on sophomore students of non-English major students in Beijing Normal Universities. According to their findings, metacognitive and cognitive strategies were frequently used by students when learning vocabulary. And good language learners employed more vocabulary learning strategies than those of bad language learners. Wang Yu (2002) conducted strategy research on sophomore students in Suzhou University. His research findings were that strategies, such as metacognitive, form-focused, meaning-focused, using-mother tongue, and social/affective strategies could account for students different listening abilities to a large extent. Thus, according to Wen (2003), all researches of learning strategies fall into two categoriesmacro and micro aspects. In macro-aspect, researches ordinarily focus on the general situation of learners beliefs and learning strategies and in micro-aspect, researches often concentrate on the strategy use in different language learning areas, for example, strategies use in speaking, listening, reading and writing areas.ReferencesBrown, H. D. (1994). 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The Effects of Color And Organization on the Web :: Website Design Internet Essays Papers

The Effects of Color And Organization on the vaneThe Sci-Fi ne dickensrks WorldWide Web (WWW) site, on the Internet, is organized to advertise its channel and navigate you through its information easily. It achieves this by constructing its site simply and effectively using graphic purposes. Because it is a commercial site, it uses appealing visual art associated with science allegory, and the channel, to receive your attention, and get you interested to explore its sources. However, attracting the viewers attention with fancy graphics doesnt necessarily make it a penny-pinching Web site. What makes it effective is its format of graphic designs which moves you through its information without any difficulties. The Sci-Fi network achieves this by using proper organization and use of color to design their graphics, in methodicalness to establish a successful Web site on the Internet.The Sci-Fi network uses graphic designs to organize its home page in order to produce an image that illustrates relevant logos and information about the site simultaneously. The fact that the Sci-Fi network is a commercial site on the Internet, contributes to its structure of organization. As a result, the network uses visual designs to publicize the Sci-Fi channel and help link you to its sources of information with an interesting yet effective style. The Sci-Fi network places a science fiction logo in the center of the background, which is arranged with sources along the sides and corners of the boxed image. This logo is used for illustration, and the links, (represented by small squares with titles written in them), are used for find information of categories found within the site. The Sci-Fi network also manages to incorporate two flashing boxes which link to information about the networks TV listings, on the top two corners of the same image, and incorporates an advertisement of the channels logo around the same centered image.All of this information is crucial to this comm ercial site, because it manages to advertise its channel and offer a concise structure of visual designs to link you to information quickly. The site is organized in this structure for these purposes and successfully manages to achieve an effective structure through this proper organization. This approach has some benefits in comparison to the use of written text in other sites, which usually contain lengthy information that may or may not interest you. For example, when you look at the Cyberpunk FAQ site, which resembles this type of organization, and compare it to the structure of the Sci-Fi WWW site, you can see the benefits of using relevant graphics to enhance a commercial Web site.

Consequences of Decisions Made by Characters in Camus The Guest Essay

Undoubtedly, there is always a consequence to every action one aims. The Guest, by Albert Camus illustrates that no discipline what choice someone chooses to make, or not to make, someone at some point will indisputably be affected. Throughout the story, each character is forced to make a finality at one point or another that affects someone else. This is best shown through the conflicts of the three characters, the redactting, and the irony in all. The Guest, by Albert Camus is set at a school house that is in a secluded desert ara. The first character introduced is Daru. This place at this time had just been through a long drought, and is now experiencing an extreme snowstorm. Daru lives better than most in the area, and receives a certain amount of wheat each week for himself. Being a thoughtful man, Daru rations his wheat to the poor village children to bring home to their families during the harsh conditions because none of their families are able to cultivate anything. One day at the schoolhouse, Daru detect a horse and two men far off in the distance. As these men started approaching, Daru realized that one of the men (the one on horseback) he knew, and the other was an Arab prisoner who is being taken to prison for murdering his cousin because he ran away with his food. Balducci is the man Daru knows, an elderly military man, bringing a prisoner to Tinguit. As the two men came closer, Daru invited them inside to get warm, and then proceeded to make them tea. As they converse, Daru finds that Balducci wants him to finish the journey, taking the Arab to Tinguit. At first Daru thinks that Balducci is joking, when in reality, he is serious. Daru refused to take the Arab, exclusively doe... ...e killed, which in turn will create an outrage among his people. This also will give them the spirit to start fighting for their rights. After all, it is their home the French are just occupying it, which makes the m feel as if they have all of the power. There really is always a consequence to every action someone makes. Camus story distinctly exemplifies that no matter what choice someone chooses to make, someone else will be affected. As shown, throughout the story, each character is forced to make a decision at one point or another that affects someone else. Balduccis choice was risky and could consequent in the loss of his job, Darus decision to let the Arab choose himself ended well, and the Arabs decision benefited his people. All three characters, in all different ways, made decisions that resulted in some sort of alternate consequence.