Thursday, October 3, 2019
The Impact Of Digital Media On Ebay Information Technology Essay
The Impact Of Digital Media On Ebay Information Technology Essay eBay is known all over the world as the leading online Marketplace which came in to life in 1995,eBay Inc, was founded by Pierre M. Omidyarand its headquartered in San Jose, California, TM (2002). eBay created a special platform for the sales of goods and services by a passionate village of individuals and business. On days there are millions of items across thousand of categories for sale on eBay just like Half.com, eBays site dedicated to fixed price trading. eBay allows trade on a Local, National and International basis, with customize site in marketing all over the world. eBay, together with its sub-visions, bring online marketplaces for the sale of goods and services, online payment services, and online communication offerings to a diverse community of individual and business in the USA and Internationally. The company operates in three Intentions: eBay Marketplace, Payments, and Communications. The eBay Marketplaces: This platform provides infrastructure to enable online commerce in a variety of formats, including the traditional auction platform; and its other online platforms, such as Rent.com, Shopping.com, Kijiji, mobile.de, and Marktplaats.nl. Its services include trust and safety programs, reply forum, safe chanel program, eBay standard purchase protection program, customer support, tools and services. The Payments segment: Feeds a product for small businesses, online sellers, and individuals that enables them to send and receive payments online. Its services include joining the network, crosscheck of its PayPals account holders, withdrawing funds. The Communications segment: provide voice over Internet protocol calls between Skype subscribers, also provides connectivity to traditional fixed-line and handheld telephones. The company also provide online apartment rental services and comparison shopping resource service, as well as provides an Internet payment platform that allows merchants to process, and manage online payments. 2. MISSION STATEMENT OBJECTIVE eBay pioneers communities built on commerce, sustained by trust, and inspired by opportunity. eBay brings together millions of people every day on a local, national and international basis through variety of websites that focus on commerce, payments and communication. This has also help the company in various ways between their numerous customers worldwide. They have engaged in the method stated below. A Place to Buy. You can get almost anything item you need or want at very low deal better than you can find at any traditional brick and mortar, even online stores. But caution should be taken because of rotten or fake items deals on eBay. A Place to Sell. No matter the size of our product or services, eBay has various categories channels to sell items. eBays global reach can even move unusual items that are not in demand in our own neighborhood in to cash. A Place to Shop. Large variety of items can be found for sale on eBay, many members have discovered that eBay is one of the best place in the world to window or comparison shop. These items include photos, detailed descriptions, and owner experiences. Because you see lots of the same items side by side in various conditions and know what each one sold or selling for, eBay gives you insight into the real market value of most types of goods around the globe. A Website: With no physical building eBay store, Founded in San Jose but now carry out daily activities from various cities, eBays service exist basically online apart from the delivery of bought and sold items every other network of the business are handled through eBay website. Socially Responsible: eBay with its B2C way of handling business has lower the barriers to buying and selling, these bring a massive global awareness to it business. It also fosters new economic opportunities to developing areas and brings cultural understanding between different populations. This has made eBay one of the worlds most interesting and exciting trans-national ambassadors. 3. THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL MEDIA ON EBAY eBay is a cutting edge in commence by selling almost everything be it of what nature with its presence in every corners of the globe with no physical store, with limited staffs but satisfy it numerous customer worldwide. But how is this possible? Social Media Marketing: Recent addition to organizations plans. Integrated marketing communications is a practice organization follow to connect with their target markets. Integrated marketing communications coordinates promotional elements, advertising, personnel selling, public relations, publicity, direct marketing and sale promotion. Increasingly viral marketing campaigns are also grouped into integrated marketing communications for eBay. The growth of social media has impacted the way organizations communicate, the internet provide set of idea which enable persons to develop social and business platform, share knowhow and collaborate on project online. Cell Phones: Usage has also become a benefit for eBay media marketing. Today many cell phones have social networking capabilities, individuals are notified of any happenings on social networking sites through their cell phones in real-time. This constant connection to social networking sites means products and companies can constantly remind and update followers about their capabilities, uses, importance, etc. Since cell phones are connected to social networking sites, advertisements are always in sight. Computers: The use of computer has come to stay in our daily life be it at home, offices, school, this is one of the basic tools used by eMarketers worldwide, eBay uses the help of computer since they dont physical store to carry out their daily business and this is done by logging into their website by typing in the URL address with an access from ISP provider. Once logged in, you see various categorizes of product, prices, description of items and options of payment of items bought. Buying of items online and shipping to every part of the globe is an everyday activity at just by the use of a computer, Newsweek (2004) Internet Marketing: eBay use the internet known as digital marketing, web marketing, and online marketing is the marketing product and services over the internet. Internet marketing is considered to be broad in scope because it not only refers to marketing on the Internet, but also includes marketing done via e-mail and wireless media. Digital customer data and electronic customer relationship management systems are also often grouped together under internet marketing. This market joins the vast idea and technical background of the Internet, including design, development, advertising, and sales. Internet marketing also refers to the placement of media along many different stages of the customer engagement cycle through search engine marketing on specific websites. 3.1 THE USE OF THE INTERNET BY eBay The internet as change the landscape of the world in every way things are done in every way things are done globally. Never before have people been able to interact in such a cost effective and comfortable way. The business world as seen a better new of doing its daily activity, business now are done in very short span of time even without the presence of both party at the same place or time. Now it is possible for you to establish your own company with a very small financial investment or in some cases even without any start-up capital. eBay use the internet in carrying of its daily business to meet target market and satisfy its customer at a very low cost and maximizing profit. Information: People worldwide are using the internet on a regular basis, with email and search engines as the most popular services. Information is power. People are able to influence, direct, convince, educate and manipulate others through one single tool: The distribution of information. Email and discussion forums allow people to share their thoughts, ideas and experiences with other people from all corners of the world. Within a relatively short period of time the Internet and its communication channels will be part of our daily lives as are running water and electricity. Cost Effectiveness: The internet is by far the most effective communication tool. If you want to send a letter via conventional or so-called slow mail, it will cost at least around $1 assuming you restrict yourself to two single sheets of paper. Sending the same amount of information via email will be up to 100 times cheaper with immediate delivery. In addition to this, email with its numbers of advantages over the slow mailing system of delivery of messages, sending and get a reply on the spot. Online Auction: In this massive marketplace, eBay rules the auction sites. According to the Nelison Rating, eBay is among the top ten most trafficked sites on the internet. eBay leads the online auction industry with a more than 60 percent share of the market, its closest competitors, Yahoo! Auctions, is only half its size followed by Amazon.com, all these are done with the help of the internet and makes eBay smile to the bank on daily basis. Low Cost Operation: Running business requires tons of capital no matter the size of the outfit, the business has to pay for rental shops, offices, motor vehicle, staffs, before it can think of making its profit which is the primary idea of the business, but doing online business you cut down your expenses to a very little amount of capital and that is the edge eBay is use to run its operations and has really help the business since it does not have physical presence anywhere, it does its business around the globe and sell lots of items to its customers worldwide. The internet helps eBay in an immeasurable way of cutting down cuts of operations and get to all part of the world without even being there in presence. 4. INTERNET AS A MARKETING PUBLIC RELATIONS TOOLS Public relations is defined as a management function which identifies, establishes and maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organization and the public upon which its success or failure depends. Whereas advertising is a one-way communication from sender to the receiver, public relations considers multiple audiences and uses two way communication to monitor feedback and adjust both its messages and the organizations actions maximum benefit. The internet is used as a tool in Public Relations and has replaced the use of paper form of notifications and is carried out in method stated below. Tweeter: Social media is a great way to have a conversation with your market and manage connections with prospects, customer, bloggers. Even if you dont join Twitter you can monitor what people are saying company, trends, friends and products. This is quite useful from a marketing and PR standpoint. Tweeter has a search engine that let you post any information and can be linked to eBays platform. Facebook: Business firms states their URLs on cable Tv commercials, were friends and followers can join them on Facebook. This is sharp method way of internet PR, youre a startup entrepreneur, you could start a group to help entrepreneurs connect and exchange ideas. Search to make sure one doesnt exist already in your area. Your friends on your facebook will have first hand information of what is happening around you and your business and will also pass to from friends to friends if even they are not yours. eBay is linked to facebook which acts as an indirect form of PR, Instant message could also take form by chatting on both platform. Email: This is the fastest, stress less and cheapest form of PR and e-marketing with the use of the internet, when searching for information or to joint an organization like eBay, Amazon you go through a process of filling and providing certain information about yourself and your preference requirement, all these information is kept in their database and at the end you provide your e-mail. The organizations use their database information to communicate with you, through this medium you are updated with the latest information relating to previous request. As you change your preference change it is also updated in their database. eBay use this form of PR to promote their product to you and information is sent to you in respect of delivery of the item you paid for. Website Feedback: Various website use a page known as website feedback as a form PR tool to give a comments, complain or report on your experience you may have after buying a product or trial of certain items in other for them to know how their customer feel about product bought from them. 5. EBAY SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGHT: The Company use the advantage of Customer Relationship Management (CRM). Both parties (Buyers and Sellers) subscribe with the company and information needed by eBay on dealers. This is known as Business2Consumer (B2C) of their business. With the strong customer and dealer relationships are based on Consumer2Consumer (C2C) business platform, where good business relationships occurs, where buyers and sellers interchange feedback for each other for the next transaction to take place. WEAKNESSES: Organizations works painfully to limit fraud. eBay platform of business is very open to fraudulent activities. But the company act with the issue very quickly. These includes inferior goods being marketed to unknown and suspecting eBayers. Other forms of theft could include redirection of stolen goods. Make it known that fraud and theft are problems with outsiders not eBay. The weakness is that mischievous individuals can exploit the C2C business platform. Many companies, systems breakdowns could disturb the trading transaction of eBay on daily bases. eBay and Paypal have suffered shutdowns and total breakdown. As technology improves for the better weakness will be less an issue. OPPORTUNITIES: Acquisitions bring new business strategy openings. eBay has into agreement to buy off online telephone company Skype Technologies with a deal reported of about worth $2.6 billion. PC users use Skype to have conversation with each other for no charges and make cut-price calls to handheld cell-phones and fixed landlines once you have subscribe to the services. This will bring in more customers to the business and also make profit to continue to grow. THRATS: The world Internet brands, success attract competition. Overseas competitors competing in their home markets have the technical experience that could give them a stronger advantage over eBay. It came to the notice of eBay that it has met with other USA home Internet providers when trading in other international country. Yahoo! stand out in the Asian market. Doing the same market is a threat, just like weaknesses stated above, the name is attacked by mischievous individuals. When e-mail sent to unknown eBayers disguards to come from eBay. Logos, and design of the pages looks just the same. However they are designed so that you input private information that the thieves can use to accesses to passwords and identifications. Not all costs can controlled by eBay, example shipping charges and credit card charges. With fuel prices to rise, the customer suffers the increment of delivery and postal charges. This affect the total cost of auctioned items very expensive. When provider of credit card merchants like Visa or Master-card decide a charge for online business transaction the total cost of the same items would increase with a negative effects on the final customer of the product and will make eBay loose some of its future consumer and will affect the profit and share value of the company. 6. CONCLUSION EBay is well aware that in order for the company to maintain its competitive advantage and make it sustainable in the long run, the company must take advantage of the changes at the corporate, organizational and business levels. EBay embraces the five building blocks which are applied randomly throughout eBays history: improvisation, co-adaption, regeneration, experimentation and time pacing as evident by the strategies discussed. The company also embraces the 10 principles of competing on the edge about strategy, organization and leadership. With all hands on deck EBay can go further if the managing, marketing department embrace more with its IT department by merging with more social media platform not just their website because social website break more distance with communities of friends of my friends. Security department should work more bringing down the risk of internet fraud, this is one area of online business transaction that turn people away from buying online, because nobody wants to their money to end up on the place after paying for an item or product.
Wednesday, October 2, 2019
Rosa Parks :: essays research papers
Rosa Parks      There were many women who have changed the world in the fields of math, science, sports, music, writing and leadership. Rosa Parks was a leader to help the blacks become equal to whites. Eleanor Roosevelt was also a leader because she helped the poor. Harriet Tubman was also a leader which helped free black slaves.      I am going to tell what Rosa Parks did to help the world be a better place. Parks, Rosa Louise (1913- ), civil rights leader, born in Tuskegee, Alabama. She attended Alabama State College, worked as a seamstress and housekeeper, and was active in the Montgomery Voters League and the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) Youth Council. In 1943 she was elected secretary of the Montgomery branch of the NAACP. In a celebrated incident in 1955 she was arrested for violating segregation laws when she refused to give up her bus seat to a white passenger. This resulted in a boycott of the bus system by blacks, with Martin Luther King, Jr. leading the movement. In spite of harassment the boycott continued, and in 1956 segregated seating was challenged in a federal lawsuit. Within a few months bus segregation was ruled unconstitutional, and the buses were officially desegregated in December 1956. Parks, who had lost her job because of the boycott, moved to Detroit, Michigan, the following year, and again took in sewing. She also worked as a fundraiser for the NAACP. In 1965 she was hired by Congressman John Conyers, Jr., also a civil rights leader, to manage his Detroit office. She remained active in the NAACP and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). In 1987 she founded the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self-Development,
Tuesday, October 1, 2019
Paul Strand :: essays research papers
Key Figures 1.     1936 Strand joined with Berenice Abbot to establish the Photo League in New York 2.     Strand was the first photographer to acheive a really decisive break with pictorialism and apply some of the lessons of the new modern art to photography. 3.     Paul Strand was born in New York and attended the Ethical Culture School where his teacher was Lewis Hine. 4.     Strands later work moved toward a documentary approach, attempting to encapsulate a feeling a place and its people in a body of work, published in book form. The most successful of these dealth with rural communities such as the Hebridean Islands or a village in the Italian South. 5.     Strands work was published in the last two issues of Camera Work and the pictures marked a turning point for photography. Laslo Moholy-Nagy 1.     Teacher at the Bauhaus School in Germany. 2.     Establishes the New Bauhaus at the Chicago Institute of Design. 3.     Used straight photography and photomontage. 4.     Disorienting Images. 5.     Experimented with stage design and photography. Man Ray 1.     Surrealist 2.     Made dreamlike images 3.     His revolutionary nude studies, fashion work, and portraits opened a new chapter in the history of photography. 4.     he was enthusiastically welcomed into Dadaist and Surrealist circles 5.     Man Ray experimented tirelessly with new photographic techniques, multiple exposure, rayography, and solarization being some of his most famous. John Heartfield 1.     Original name Helmut Herzfeld 2.     German Dadaist. 3.     Pushed the idea of using massprinted source material by inventing the photomontage. 4.     practice social criticism 5.     Wasn’t allowed to express himself in Germany during Hitler’s time. Aleksandr Rodchenko 1.     Aimed to make the familiar strange. 2.     Wanted to challenge or provoke the viewer. 3.     Valued technology 4.     Style : close ups, unusual vantage points, tilted his camera. 5.     Was born in Russia. Edward Weston 1.     Photographing natural landscapes and forms such as peppers, shells, and rocks, using large-format cameras and available light 2.     produced sensuously precise images raised to the level of poetry. 3.     He became successful working in a soft-focus, Pictorial style, winning many salon and professional awards. 4.     By 1920 he was experimenting with semi-abstractions in a hard-edged style. 5.     own portrait studio between 1911 and 1922 in Tropico, California. Eugene Atget 1.     first of photography's social documenters 2.     His images of Paris are perhaps the most vivid record of a city ever made. 3.     sold 2500 negatives relating to the history of Paris, a large portion of the work he had been accumulating for two decades, to the Caisse National des Monuments Historiques. 4.     some of his photographs were in the magazine La revolution surrealà ste.
Difference between public limited company and private limited company Essay
Executive Summary Ted’s Corporate Services is the business run by Ted. He is a sole trader. He wants to convert his business from sole trader to company to take the benefit of limited liability and other benefits as well. He wants advice for forming a company which is the most appropriate for him. Proprietary company unlimited by shares capital, public company unlimited by shares capital, public company limited by guarantee and public company with no liability are the companies which are not appropriate for Ted. As, the companies have unlimited liabilities which Ted do not want to establish and also no liability company is done for mining purpose only. Whereby, proprietary company limited by shares and public company limited by shares are the companies which can be set up by Ted. If company can easily get large capital, have good ability to borrow money from public, possibly list on stock exchange then Ted can form the public company limited by shares. Whereas, small business like Ted are unlik ely to meet these abilities and want to convert to company. So, the most appropriate type of company Ted could form is proprietary company limited by shares. This can also be converted to public company limited by shares in the future if Ted wants to expand his company. 1. Introduction Company is defined as a legal entity which is allowed by legislation and permits a group of people to apply to the government for an independent organization as shareholders who can then target on pursuing objectives, and empowered with legal rights (Modern Company Law 1997). Advantages of company are it is a separate legal entity; it can sue and can be sued by others, protection of assets and so on whereas complex legal formalities, more paperwork, costly to run and establish are some of the disadvantages of company (The Advice Spot 2010). The purpose of writing this report is to advice Ted about forming the company. Also, advising him about the most appropriate type of company which he can form. 2. Process of registering a company Certain requirements should be followed to register a company. First of all, a person must lodge an application with Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) using the prescribed form: s117 Corporation Act (CA) 2001. Section 117(2) (CA) states that the application must state specified information such as the type of company, the company’s name, names and addresses of persons consenting to be members, the address of the company and so on. (Lipton, Herzberg 2001) If the company wants to follow its own time table then it should also be mentioned by the public company in the application. The number of shares, class of shares, amount the member is ready to pay, and amount paid fully or partly should all be mentioned by the company limited by shares or unlimited company on the application. Also, if the public company wants to have a constitution on the registration, then a copy of the constitution must be lodged but it’s compulsory for the public company with no liability. The application must be in the advised form. Also, the company must have the consents and agreements. (Lipton, Herzberg 2001) After, the requirements are done successfully, ASIC will issue a certificate of registration and an Australian company number and it also will have the power according to S124 (1) (CA). S119 (CA) states that company comes into existence on the day it is registered with the specific name in its certificate of registration (Lipton, Herzberg 2001). This means that the company is a separate legal entity now. It is separate from people who run and manage the company. 3. Could Ted perform the process of registering the company? Anyone who is above 18 years old can form the company. Additionally, the person should not have any cases of bankrupts and also any offences related to misconduct or fraudulent activities relating to company. (Finance 2007) This shows that Ted can perform the process of registering the company. Also, it’s better for Ted to consult a lawyer if he has committed a breach of corporate law before setting up the company, for instance, as a director. 4. Advantages and Disadvantages of each type of company. The company is divided into two parts, i.e. Proprietary company and Public company which is discussed below. 4.1 Proprietary Company Proprietary company is a company where the fund is raised by issuing shares to known people such as friends, employees and relatives. In this type of company, there should be at least one director who is resident of Australia, not more than 50 non-employees shareholders and minimum 1 member: s114 (CA). Also, S148 (CA) states that company should have the abbreviation of either â€Å"Proprietary â€Å"or â€Å"Pty†to be recognized as proprietary company. (Lipton, Herzberg, Welsh 2000) Proprietary company is divided into two parts which have been discussed below with its advantages and disadvantages. 4.1.1 Company limited by shares A company limited by shares is a type of proprietary company where shareholder only pays amount unpaid on shares when company makes a call, i.e. they have fully and partly paid shareholders. Advantage of this company is that the shareholders are provided more protection when the case of liability rises. Whereas, more paper work, complex legal formalities, high cost to establish are some of its disadvantages. (Finance 2007) 4.1.2 Company unlimited by shares capital A company unlimited by share capital is the company where the shareholders are fully responsible for all the debts of the company. Advantage of this company is that it has separate legal entity, can sue and be sued and so on whereas unlimited liability is the major disadvantage. (Lipton, Herzberg, Welsh 2010) 4.2 Public Company Public company is the company where the fund is raised by issuing shares to general public by using disclosure document prospectus. In this type of company, there should be at least 3 directors where minimum 2 should be the resident of Australia and also can have infinite number of shareholders and members. Also, S148 (5) (CA) states that public company has no distinguishing name. (Lipton, Herzberg 2000) Public company is divided into four parts which have been discussed below with its advantages and disadvantages. 4.2.1 Company limited by shares Section 9 (CA) states that a company limited by shares is the company where shareholder only pays the amount unpaid on shares when company makes a call. There are two types of members who have paid the amount of shares either partly or fully. Under s515 (CA) a member is liable to contribute to the company’s debts and liabilities and the costs, charges and expenses of the winding up. Advantage of company limited by shares is that the creditor does not need to sell the personal property to pay the debt of the company. Whereas, the disadvantage is that it has more legal formalities, more paper work and so on similar to other companies. (Lipton, Herzberg 2001) 4.2.2 Company unlimited by shares capital Company unlimited by shares capital is the type of the company where the shareholders are fully responsible to pay for all debts of company. Recognition as a separate legal entity, large capital, highly professional persons engaged in the company is some of the benefits of company unlimited by shares capital whereas unlimited liability is one of the major disadvantages. (Redmond 2000) 4.2.3 Company limited by guarantee A company limited by guarantee is a company whose members have their liability limited to the amounts that they have undertaken to contribute to the property of the company in the event of it being wound up. Guarantee companies retain the advantages of being legal entities with the liability of the members limited to the amount of guarantee. Also under section 115 (CA), only a company limited by guarantee may obtain a licence to dispense with the word â€Å"Limited†at the end of its name. Whereas, the drawback of this type of companies is that it does not raise initial or working capital from its members. (Redmond 2000) 4.2.4 No liability Company A no liability company is a company where shareholders are not bound to pay the amount owed to company when company makes a call. Advantage of being this company is that there will be no liability for the shareholders, whereas the drawback of this company is that only mining can be done if no liability company is formed. (Redmond 2000) 5. What might be the most appropriate company to form, and can this be changed at a later point of time? 5.1 Most appropriate type of company. 5.1.1 Proprietary Company limited by shares This company is one of the appropriate companies for Ted. The shareholders are only liable to pay the debt of the company when company makes a call and also shareholders are more protected. Also, proprietary company limited by shares is good for the small family business (Finance 2007). 5.1.2 Proprietary Company unlimited with share capital Proprietary company unlimited with share capital is not appropriate company for Ted. As, in this company shareholders are fully responsible to pay the debt. Whereby, Ted wanted to convert to company because of limited liability. 5.1.3 Public Company limited by shares It is one of the companies which attract more number of shareholders. For Ted’s business activity, company limited by shares is also one of the appropriate companies as the shareholders will only be liable to pay for the amount unpaid on shares when the company makes a call. 5.1.4 Public Company unlimited by shares capital Ted wants to convert his sole trader business to company because of the limited liability. But company unlimited by shares capital has unlimited liabilities. Also, these sorts of company are established by professionals. So, it does not suit for the Ted’s business. 5.1.5 Public Company limited by guarantee A company limited by guarantee is convenient for clubs, charities and other non-trading companies whose capital is raised by members’ fees, donations, subscriptions and social activities (Lipton, Herzberg, Welsh 2010). Whereas, Ted Company is a trading companies and profit oriented, which means choosing company limited by guarantee is the wrong decision to be taken. 5.1.6 Public Company with no liability Section112 (3) (CA) states that a no liability company is prohibited from engaging in activities that are outside its mining purposes objectives (Lipton, Herzberg, Welsh 2010). This reflects that no liability company is not appropriate type of company to be formed by Ted. 5.2 Can certain company be changed at a later point of time? Proprietary company limited by shares and Public Company limited by shares are both appropriate for the Ted’s business. In Future, if Ted wants to convert from proprietary to public or either from public to proprietary, he can convert it. 5.2.1 Proprietary to Public Company Corporation act allows proprietary company limited by shares to convert to public company limited by shares by passing a special resolution to this effect and by lodging an application with ASIC: s162 (CA) and s163 (CA). Also, the company should omit the word â€Å"Proprietary†from the company. Then the company is issued with an amended certificate of registration and becomes a public company. Under s165(CA), if the company has contravened s113 (CA), then ASIC may direct a proprietary company to change to public company. (Lipton, Herzberg, Welsh 2010) 5.2.2 Public to Proprietary Company Corporation act allows public company to convert to proprietary company by passing a special resolution to this effect and by lodging an application with ASIC: s162 (CA) and s163 (CA). The special resolution must alter the company name by including â€Å"Proprietary†or â€Å"Pty†. Also, S113 (CA) states that the proprietary companies to have share capital and a maximum number of 50 shareholder members. (Lipton, Herzberg, Welsh 2010) 6. On-going requirements If Ted were to set up a proprietary or public company, several more steps would have to be taken from the time the company is officially registered. Firstly, under s286 (CA), a detailed financial record should be kept by Ted. Also, these records should be available for the next seven years. A minute book must be there under section 251A (CA). Whereby, the minute book consists of the records and resolution of meetings which should be signed by the director and chairperson of the company. Also, minute should include declaration form which is optional for proprietary and compulsory for public company. Additionally, under s168 (CA) register have to be maintained for members, option holders and debenture holders. As, Ted wants to increase his capital, he should give notice to ASIC of the shares he wants to issue, amounts paid and unpaid on the shares. Likewise, within two months, Ted need to issue share certificates to the holders. Appointing a public tax officer and an appropriate ins urance would be advised for Ted. (Lipton, Herzberg, Welsh 2010) 7. Liable for the actions After setting up the company, the shareholders, members are not liable for the actions undertaken by the company. The precedent case Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd (1897) Ac 22, the court decided that Salomon was not held liable because the company and he himself are two different business entity doing business together. However, the court will lift the veil of incorporation if the company is used to perpetuate a fraud, if company is used to avoid an existing legal obligation, situation of agency and so on. Whereby, veil of incorporation is defined as barrier which separates the company on one hand and the members, promoters and controllers on the other. (Lipton, Herzberg, Welsh 2000) In the case Re Darby (1911) 1 KB 95, the court decided that Darby was liable for his actions and so the court lifted the veil of incorporation. Also, in the case Gilford Motors Co Ltd v Home (1933) Ch 935, the court held that the Gilford was liable as the company was created for fraudulent purposes. (Lipton, Herzberg, Welsh 2000) Under the case Freeman & Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties (Mangal) Ltd (1964) 2 QB 480, the court decided that there must be a representation that the agent has the authority, the 3rd party must be well known that the contract is done on good faith and the contract must have power under memo & articles to make contract. Or else, the person will be fully liable for his/ her activities. (Commonwealth Consolidated Act 2001) 8. Restrictions on the sale of shares Usually shares are easily transferable. Shareholders have right to buy and sell the shares. However, the company also can restrict the shareholders to transfer the shares. S1072 G (CA) states that the director of proprietary companies have right to refuse to transfer shares. Also, S1072 F (CA) states that the public company have limited right to restrict transfer of share. (Commonwealth Consolidated Acts 2001) This shows that Ted can restrict on the sale of shares by following the S1072 G (CA) or S1072 F (CA). He might do this to be the majority shareholder of the company. He can maintain the less chances of takeover by the third party. Also, if he restricts the transfer of shares then the business would remain in the family’s hand only. 9. Recommendation and Conclusion Type of business run, individual circumstances, the level of control and financial situation are the things which should be considered before choosing which type of company to set up. For example, if the company can easily get a large capital, have easy transfer of share ownership, have good ability to borrow money from public and possibly list on the stock exchange, then choosing public company with limited shares won’t be the wrong decision for Ted. (Finance 2007) However, many small businesses like Ted’s are unlikely to require these abilities and are more willing to set up a company structure for family tax planning. Likewise, company also provides more benefits than sole trader, i.e. limited liability, recognition, enough flexibility and so on. This shows that the appropriate form of company would be proprietary company limited by shares for Ted. To conclude, a proprietary limited company is the most common type of company set up by small businesses. So, Ted can ch oose proprietary company with limited shares. Also, in future if he wants to expand his business, he can go through some legal formalities and can convert to public company limited by shares. List of References Adams, M, 2002, Essential Corporate Law, 1st edn, London Commonwealth Consolidated Act, 2001, Corporation Act 2001, viewed 30 April 2012, Davies, P 1997, Gower’s Principles of Modern Company Law, 6th edn, London Finance, 2007, Proprietary limited company, viewed 30 April 2012, Lipton, P, Herzberg, A, 2000, Understanding Company Law, 10th edn, Sydney, New South Wales Lipton, P, Herzberg, A, 2001, Understanding Company Law, 9th edn, Sydney, New South Wales Lipton, P, Herzberg, A, Welsh, M, 2010, Understanding Company Law, 15th edn, Sydney, New South Wales
Monday, September 30, 2019
Defining Marriage
Defining Marriage Words are a part of everyday life. Without them people would have a very hard time conveying a message or showing their feelings to the people around them. Words also provide the groundwork on how we interpret what is expectable and what is not. Although only eight letters, the word marriage carries a lot of meaning for millions of people across the world. Depending on who ask, they might also have a definition of what they think marriage means. I myself define a marriage as a formal relationship between a man and a woman that last until death.The Merriam Webster dictionary on the other hand would define marriage as â€Å"the state of being united to a person of the opposite sex as husband and wife in a consensual and contractual relationship recognized by law. †On the other hand, thousands of men and women are set out to redefine marriage to also include same sex relationships as well. For myself and I’m sure millions of others across the world they do not think that a simple definition can confine someone from living in a regular recognized marriage like everyone else.How we define a particular word can have lasting effects and for the gay and lesbian community restricting them from the same basic rights that everyday couples take advantage of. In this exploratory essay I am dedicated to exploring the contested term â€Å"marriage†between the gay and lesbian community and many other people that have their own definition of marriage as well. Because the age we live in now, the commonly accepted definition of marriage between a man and a woman is keeping tens of thousands of same-sex couples by being federally recognized in a union.So what is marriage and why does it matter how people define it? I first started with Peter Pothan who wrote an article called â€Å"The Christian Concept of Marriage†. Pothan is a theological teacher and is currently the Assistant Director of the Distance Learning Department of Souther n Asia Bible College in Bangalore. He wastes no time clearly stating that he gets the definition of marriage from the bible. By referencing different parts of the Bible he is able to define what a Christian Marriage is and additional context as well. The first section that he references from the Bible is in Genesis 2:24.It states, â€Å"Therefore a man leaves his father and his mother and cleaves to his wife, and they become one flesh. †By this Pathan concludes that a Marriage is between one man and one woman. Although he breaks the verse down into four parts, for this exploratory essay I want to focus the marriage portion on which I am better trying to understand. During Gods initial creation he only created one wife for Adam. Pothan uses this as a backbone that it is not only a relationship between a man and a woman, but it is also a monogamous relationship that must be maintained as well.Additionally, he uses biblical context to further go to say that marriage is only per manent as long as life last. Overall, Peter Pothan does not try to impose this Christian definition of marriage onto anyone, but merely uses evidence from the Bible to extract the definition of marriage. Several times during the article he consistently uses the Christian definition of marriage evoking that he is clearly not trying to impose a singular definition for the word. As a Christian myself I did find how he defined marriage very persuasive.He put very little opinion into interpreting what the Bible was saying and just tried to state the facts. I feel that most Christians would have a hard time disagreeing with what Pothan has to say. I also like he was not trying to impose the definition on anyone. Several times throughout the article he consistently use â€Å"Christian Marriage†. By this I felt that he clearly recognized that there is a dispute between what the definition of marriage truly is. On the other hand, I can also see one big hole is this definition. Althoug h the Bible is very widely used and accepted across the world not everyone is a Christian.Many of those who are not of the Christians faith can easily discredit this definition. Just like many words over time they can slowly evolve and continue to mean more things. It would only make sense to some that the definition of marriage would do the same as well. Many gays and lesbians would also clearly have a hard time accepting this as a definition of marriage. To them this would imply that they are not capable of leaving their mothers and fathers and cleaving to their partner. Overall, I am still very much caught in the crossfire of what marriage should or should not include.By going with the Christian definition of marriage I am essentially supporting the idea of taking away freedoms that many same-sex couple are not able to enjoy like regular couples. This I have a hard time accepting. My next article, â€Å"GOP’s Rob Portman announces support for same-sex marriage†by M atthew DeLuca is on the opposite end of the spectrum when it views the definition of marriage. Matthey Deluca, a writer for NBC News writes about Rob Portman’s view on marriage. The Ohio Senator Portman’s once hard stance that marriage is defined as a between a man and a women now has a change of views.At one point he even supported the Defense of Marriage Act in 1996, which limits marriage specifically to one man and one woman. In this article, the Ohio Senator states that â€Å"I have come to believe that if two people are prepared to make a lifetime commitment to love and care for each other in good times and in bad, the government shouldn’t deny them the opportunity to get married. †He describes his change of views based on his 21-year-old son. In a talk with his son in 2011, his son, Will, told his father that he was gay.Portman not only said that his change of heart was due to his son, but also his Christian faith. He says the message of love and c ompassion from the Bible is also what swayed him to change his mind on this particular issue. This article shows how the definition of marriage can be based on equal rights that many feel everyone should have. As a result, the definition of marriage would have to be extended. Looking at this article, I feel somewhat drawn into Senator Portman’s view of marriage and how the definition should evolve to reflect the culture of America.It is more than just about a definition, but a way to make everyone equal under the law. With the way marriage is right now that is not possible. Same-sex couples that want to take the next step to a recognized marriage are not given the same rights that others couples receive. Portman, a Christian like myself, did choose to take a different angle on how he looks at the Bible. That just goes to show that there are people that are Christians that also support same-sex marriages and essentially want to change the definition of marriage to reflect a gr eater assortment of couples wanted to seek a civil union.Although I do understand where Senator is coming from I can’t say I fully agree that you can just change the definition of a word because of personal experience that was experienced. My last source I chose was an article called â€Å"Same-Sex Marriage and Equality†by Reginald William. This scholarly source was published on December 21, 2010. Williams is an affiliate of Bakersfield College that contests the views that many have that same-sex marriage is not an equal rights issue. I came across this article using the University of Oklahoma online library.William talks about several individuals and their views in particular that same-sex marriage is a not an equality issue. He describes that many claim this because both heterosexuals and homosexuals are not allowed to get married to the same gender. They are on the other hand â€Å"both†allowed to marry someone of the opposite sex. Williams describes this i dea as a basis for many that say this is not an equality issue. William on the other hand disagrees and fully thinks this is still very much about the lack of equality and supports same-sex marriage.Throughout his article he goes into painstaking detail to support his claim. In short, he says although the same rights are available to everyone, the rights available are only truly for heterosexuals couples. Although his claim is somewhat hard to grasp, I feel he overall makes some very important points that support the fact that there is a lack a social equality for same-sex couples. The question that is of real concern though is should this constitute us to redefine the term marriage so that same-sex couples can get married and be federally recognized.I have definitely learned that the definition of marriage matters greatly to the people you ask and it is more than a word that is used in a sentence. It not only has a strong definition that lasted through time, but as of right now is keeping many same-sex couples from being able to be apart of a civil union recognized by our government. Reviewing all of these sources and really letting the point the writers have sink in has made me consider many thoughts that I have not considered before.Although I do strongly believe that the definition of marriage should not change, I do feel that the people affected by the definition of marriage, such as same-sex couples, should have the same rights as a regular marriage if they choose. To me this is not about definitions at all by equal rights. Although I am sure many same-sex couples would like to be included in the definition of marriage, what they really want is to have the same benefits in their relationship as a heterosexual couple does.Even though many states have already started this journey for same-sex couples they are still far from putting them on the same playing field as a traditional definition of marriage and the rights they receive at the federal level. Work Cited Williams, Reginald. â€Å"Same-Sex Marriage and Equality. †Ethical Theory and Moral Practice14. 5 (2011): 589-95. Web. DeLuca, Matthew. â€Å"GOP's Rob Portman Announces Support for Same-sex Marriage. †NBCNews. N. p. , 15 Mar. 2013. Web. 21 Mar. 2013. Pothan, Peters S. â€Å"The Christian Concept of Marriage. †2miles. org. N. p. , Sept. 2009. Web. 21Mar. 2013.
Sunday, September 29, 2019
Strain Theories
Strain theories look through a structural scope to examine crime in society. When people fail to meet societal goals, they feel a strain in their lives. An increase in strain can lead to an increase in crime.Strain can be felt throughout any community, large or small. I’m from a town of 3,000 people in rural Iowa. Even though it is much smaller than a city such as Denver, problems with crime and delinquency still exist. A summer drought reduces the profits during harvest and leads to much strain throughout the community since agriculture is the main industry. This puts the whole town into a sort of slum, which leads to increased crime and delinquency. For example, low-waged employees steal from employers or neighbors due to their frustration over lack of income. Teenagers often commit more vandalism and petty thefts since their parents are spending more time at the bar to distract themselves from the harsh times and less time at home with family.According to Merton’s st rain theory, anomie is the inability to satisfy natural appetites such as wealth and social status. When people from my community feel anomie, they tend to fall into the â€Å"retreatism†category of the five adaptions. They consider the work they do in the fields or time with their family a lost cause and turn to alcohol for their problems. There are plenty of â€Å"regulars†at the local bar because that is a place where they can escape their problems and gossip about others. This illegitimate coping mechanism might make them feel good for a short time, but it does them no favor over the long run.Another vantage point of crime is through general strain theory, which focuses on negative relationships. Like I mentioned before, a drought is highly detrimental to agriculture and leads to a â€Å"blockage of a positively valued goal†. This might also fall under the anticipated strain category because farmers spend every day of the summer worrying about rain, and a lack of it builds up the strain they feel. This creates an overall low social control over teenagers and it becomes especially bad when parents take out their frustrations over money on their children, as this leads to a high negative emotionality and low constrain- a.k.a. the perfect recipe for delinquency.The empirical article did a great job of summarizing strain theory. It reasoned that people feel negative emotions when they experience strain, and those negative emotions are likely to lead to illegitimate coping mechanisms. Once an individual begins using illegitimate coping mechanisms, it can be very difficult to change directions and use legitimate strategies. It truly becomes a test of character when people experience strain, and the unfortunate fact-of-the-matter is that there will always be those who chose the wrong path in life.
Saturday, September 28, 2019
Intro Geo 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Intro Geo 1 - Essay Example By forming this organization, the United States, Canada and Mexico looked to strengthen the already trade ties between the three nations. The elimination of trade barriers was seen as helping all three nations increase the economic opportunities available in their homelands, but no nation had to give up sovereignty. The EU expects formerly sovereign nations to now bow to a new governmental body in Brussels. This sort of arrangement would meet with incredible resistance in America. The United Nations as it currently is constituted would not be an effective mechanism to decide which countries can use military intervention in their behalf. The problem with the United Nations stems from the fact that the nations of the Security Council have most of the real power. Wealth, military might and resources are so incredibly concentrated in this handful of countries, that even if the rest of the world opposed an action by a Security Council state, there is little they really could do other than protest or make official statements denouncing the action. For the United Nations to be the safe keeper of the world’s militaries, there would need to be some mechanism to give small countries and equal voice with large, powerful countries (Sanders). This is unlikely to happen because it would require great concessions on the parts of powerful
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